Understanding the changes of phenylpropanoid metabolism and lignin accumulation in wounded cassava root during postharvest storage
Congcong WangJinshan WuYanqiong TangMin YiDan WangXiang MaHong LiJuanjuan LiYinhua ChenSongbi ChenZhu Liu
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Phenylpropanoid
Suberin
Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Cinnamic acid
Fibrous root system
Phenylpropanoid
Suberin
Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Cinnamic acid
Fibrous root system
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Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Cinnamic acid
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Cinnamic acid
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Chlorogenic Acid
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Several carboxylic, phosphonic, phosphinic, boronic and nitro analogues of ( £ )-cinnamic acid were synthesized. These and other compounds related to (E)-cinnamic acid were evaluated as potential inhibitors of both phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and of anthocyanin biosynthesis in buckwheat. The most potent inhibition was found for 3-phenylprop-2-ynoic acid (21), however its K i is comparable to K M . The molecular modelling of the interaction of (E)-cinnamic acid (1) and 21 with PAL model suggests some similarities in the binding mode of both compounds.
Cinnamic acid
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
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Cinnamic acid
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Limiting
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The conversion of trans-cinnamic acid to phenylalanine using phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) was examined. The optimum concentration of trans-cinnamic acid for the reaction was observed at 100 mM in cells and at 20 mM in cell free extracts, respectively. The production of L-phenylalanine was increased in both experiments as the concentration of ammonia was increased up to 10 M. The optimal pHs for the maximal conversion of trans-cinnamic acid to L-phenylalanine were 9.5 and 9.0 in experiments carried out with cells and with cell free extracts, respectively.
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Cinnamic acid
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Cinnamic acid
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
p-Coumaric acid
Coumaric acid
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In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed in order to study the regulatory role of trans- cinnamic acid and its hydroxylated derivatives (p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid) on the deamination of phenylalanine catalyzed by PAL (EC 4.3.1.5). Trans-cinnamic acid inhibits growth and reduces the content of soluble proteins of anthocyanin-containing carrot cells grown in suspension. There is strong evidence from the polysomal patterns and from the effect of trans-cinnamic acid on protein synthesis in vitro that protein synthesis is inhibited. The kinetic data of PAL clearly demonstrate that trans-cinnamic acid inhibits the enzyme by a noncompetitive mechanism. On the contrary, ʟ-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid (ʟ-AOPP), a competitive inhibitor of PAL, does not affect protein metabolism.
Cinnamic acid
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Daucus carota
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Cinnamic acid
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Lyase
Aminooxyacetic acid
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
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Phenylpropanoid pathway 생성물질은 식물의 self-defense에 관계하며 이러한 물질들은 UV뿐 아니라 wounding, pathogen과 같은 environmental stress에 의해 생성되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 벼에서 PAL mRNA 는 UV 조사 후 12시간에서 48시간까지는 증가하였으나 48시간부터 60시간까지는 점점 줄어드는 경향을 보였다. 한편 PAL의 활성은 UV 조사 후 24시간에서 가장 높았지만 상처에 의해서는 PAL의 활성이 벼에서는 증가하지 않았다. 그러나 고추에서는 UV조사와 상처를 준 후 24시간과 10시간에서 각각 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 벼와 고추 모두 cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase의 활성은 상처를 준 후 12시간에서 증가하였지만 UV 조사는 C4H 활성에 영향을 주지 않았다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 벼와 고추에서는 UV 조사와 상처가 모두 PAL, C4H 효소활성에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Cinnamic acid
Phenylpropanoid
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