Dietary intervention in depression – a review
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Depression is a mental illness that affects the normal lives of over 300 million people. Unfortunately, about 30% to 40% of patients do not adequately respond to pharmacotherapy and other therapies. This review focuses on exploring the relationship between dietary nutrition and depression, aiming to find safer and efficient ingredients to alleviate depression. Diet can affect depression in numerous ways. These pathways include the regulation of tryptophan metabolism, inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, microbe-gut-brain axis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and epigenetics. Furthermore, probiotics, micronutrients, and other active substances exhibit significant antidepressant effects by regulating the above pathways. These provide insights for developing antidepressant foods.Keywords:
Depression
Gut–brain axis
Pharmacotherapy
Micronutrients perform a key role in almost all vital body functions like those related to vision, immunity, bone formation, brain function and many others that help in proper growth and maintaining good health. Deficiency of any one or more of the micronutrients can have a negative impact on the overall health. The causes of micronutrient deficiencies and their signs and symptoms are explained in this chapter in a precise manner. Plant and animal food sources with high micronutrient contents with ready-to-eat food supplements per serving size are illustrated for each micronutrient. These can serve as a guideline for preventive measures and diet therapy. Micronutrients are increasingly used as an adjunct therapy in managing various health problems. Effective therapeutic uses of vitamins and minerals are exemplified for a ready reference. Overdose of synthetic supplements of micronutrients and certain environmental conditions may result in toxic effects. To address this, the upper limit for micronutrient intakes and toxic effects of excess micronutrient intakes are also described. The relevance of the yogic concept of ‘sattvic’ diet in modern nutrition and the potential of yoga for micronutrient absorption is also highlighted. The approach of yoga towards healthy diet and the relation between diet and psychological health is explained based on experimental data. The importance of specific micronutrients in health at different stages of life, from pregnancy to old age, is elucidated and remedial measures are suggested. Lastly, evidence for micronutrient supplements as an adjunct therapy for COVID-19 is briefly described. <br>
Micronutrient deficiency
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Micronutrient deficiencies compromise the health and development of many school-age children worldwide. Previous research suggests that micronutrient interventions might benefit the health and development of school-age children and that multiple micronutrients might be more effective than single micronutrients. Fortification of food is a practical way to provide extra micronutrients to children. Earlier reviews of (multiple) micronutrient interventions in school-age children did not distinguish between supplementation or fortification studies. The present review includes studies that tested the impact of multiple micronutrients provided via fortification on the micronutrient status, growth, health, and cognitive development of schoolchildren. Twelve eligible studies were identified. Eleven of them tested the effects of multiple micronutrients provided via fortified food compared to unfortified food. One study compared fortification with multiple micronutrients to fortification with iodine alone. Multi-micronutrient food fortification consistently improved micronutrient status and reduced anemia prevalence. Some studies reported positive effects on morbidity, growth, and cognitive outcomes, but the overall effects on these outcomes were equivocal.
Food fortification
Micronutrient deficiency
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Micronutrient deficiency
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Micronutrients play a crucial role in maintaining good health as they are required for various processes within the body. Every individual has different micronutrient needs depending on their metabolic condition. To achieve optimal health, these needs must be met adequately.
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Objective: In order to investigate the effect of zinc and/or micronutrients compound intervention on the physicaldevelopment in pre-school children. Methods: 480 children were divided into 3 groups: zinc group, micronutrients group, zincplus micronutrients group. During the experiment of 10 weeks, the children were supplied with zinc, micronutrients or zinc plusmicronutrients respectively. Results: The data showed that the increases of children's height and weight were significantly higherin micronutrients and zinc plus micronutrients groups than those in zinc group. Conclusion: it suggests that the supplementationof mieronutrients compound should promote children's growth and development, and that attention should be paid to the supplementation of other nutrients while zinc be supplied for children.
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Vitamins, zinc and selenium are important micronutrients that play crucial functions at the cellular and molecular level. Immune response of several different cell types can be modulated by these micronutrients. Deficiency in micronutrients has been extensively reported in HIV-1-infected individuals and further correlated with CD4+ T-cell count, HIV-1 plasma viral load, disease progression and mortality. Supplementation by micronutrients has had controversial effects. Thorough future investigations and trials are certainly needed to strategically plan evidence-based interventions. Here, we review the available data on use of micronutrients during the course of HIV-1 infection.
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Micronutrients including vitamins, trace elements, and other compounds are important for brain development and the proper functioning of organs. Depending on the organ, age, and micronutrient, too little or too much of a micronutrient can be deleterious. The consequences may persist and can hinder physical and mental development.
Micronutrient deficiency
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Micronutrient deficiency
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Infants are prone to micronutrient deficiency and indeed millions of infants worldwide are deficient in at least one micronutrient [1], although most infants are deficient in several micronutrients at the same time [2]. An important reason why micronutrient deficiencies often occur concurrently is that the same causal factors to some degree underlie deficiencies of many different nutrients. Monotonous and unbalanced diets, lack of animal-based food products in the diet, and anti-nutritional or absorption-inhibiting factors in the diet will all reduce the nutritional value of a diet [3]. For instance, potent cation-binding substances such as phytates, which are commonly found in cereal diets, make those diets have a particularly low bioavailability for iron as well as for zinc [3, 4]. Such dietary flaws are associated with poverty, and will result in nutritional deficiencies, even when basic energy and protein needs are met, which is often not even the case. As a result, infants and children are at risk for deficiency of not just a single micronutrient but often a whole range of micronutrients to varying extents, the exact combinations determined by the general dietary pattern (e.g., rice-based or maize-based) and the gaps between intake and requirement.
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In metabolism and tissue performance, micronutrients play a key role. Sufficient amount of intake is required to maintain tissue function and metabolic processes. In those people who are extremely depleted and the possibility for complications, the clinical benefits of micronutrient supplements are more advantageous in health improvement. Zinc and vitamin A supplements have contributed to lowered diarrhoea and pneumonia in children in developing countries. In slightly malnourished children, there are some indications that micronutrient supplements have cognitive influence. In several diseases, there is strong proof of the benefit of micronutrient supplements. A well-balanced diet tends to support most of the micronutrients.
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