Research progress of rhizosphere effect in the phytoremediation of uranium-contaminated soil
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Soils are extensively contaminated with different types of heavy metals worldwide and causing a severe disturbance to living biota of world. It is the need of time to remediate the soils from these contaminants; the most reputed cheap and economically feasible method is phytoremediation and phytoextraction of these contaminants. Different types of plants are used to remediate these contaminates from soils that are mostly known as hyperaccumulator. In most soils different types of metals are less bioavailable for plant uptake such as Pb, while Cd and Zn are readily bioavailable for plants in some soils. There is a need to make this process more time efficient and beneficial, the addition of chelating agent is required that can speed up this process. Chemical Chelator like EDTA has the capability to boost up the uptake by dissolving components of metals and has proven to enhance the metal accumulation. Addition of EDTA results in increase in plant growth parameters, dry matter stress tolerance index and accumulation of different metals such as Cd, Zn and Pb. Chemically enhanced phytoremediation has been recognized as one of the most beneficial, effective and economically viable method of bioremediation.
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Abstract Phytoremediation is the use of living green plants for in situ remediation of contaminants using what is in essence enhanced natural attenuation for soil and groundwater cleanup. There are a variety of phytoremediation methods, some having multiple names: phytostabilization, rhizodegradation (phytostimulation, rhizosphere bioremediation, or plant‐assisted bioremediation), rhizofiltration (contaminant uptake), phytodegradation (phytotransformation), phytovolatilization, and phytoaccumulation (phytoextraction or hyperaccumulation). Various types of plants can be used in phytoremediation, including poplar trees, alfalfa, black locust, Indian mustard, fescue grass, crested wheatgrass, and Canada wild rye. This article reviews phytoremediation methods as applied to organic contaminants and heavy metals.
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Metalloid
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Soil Pollutants
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The worldwide awareness of the deleterious effects of heavy metal pollution has resulted in intensive research aiming at understanding metal interactions in soil and their removal in an efficient way. Although, the knowledge and practice of the conventional physio-chemical remedial technologies for degraded soils are age-old, they are not in demonstration these days due to their detrimental impact on various ecosystems. On the other hand, phytoremediation has received much attention as a biological and natural way of treating the polluted lands. In addition, augmentation of essential rhizobacteria to reduce phytotoxicity and remediating metal polluted soils has also gained interest. This paper investigates the plant-microbial interactions in reclaiming the metal contaminated soil with attention to some significant soil biochemical characteristics during the process. Keywords : Heavy metals, bioremediation, phytoremediation, rhizosphere, rhizobacteria, bioaugmentation African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(21), pp. 3099-3109,
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In this paper, it is summarized that the physiologist and molecule-biology mechanisms of phytoremediation, includes activation on heavy metals in rhizosphere by hyperaccumulators, absorption to heavy metals in soil by hyperaccumulators and the mechanisms of adaptation, and pointed out the developing prospects in the future and existing problems in this field.
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Mining and industrial activity are contributing to the increase of heavy metal (HM) pollution in the environment, especially in soil. These metals leach into water, spread to plants and enter the food chain. Phytoremediation coupled to selected rhizosphere microbiota is an environmentally friendly technology designed to promote HM bioremediation in soils. In this study, sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) was used together with Rhizophagus irregularis , an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and Cupriavidus sp. strain 1C2, a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), as a phytoremediation strategy to remove Zn and Cd from an industrial soil (599 mg Zn kg and 1.2 mg Cd kg ) and produce plant biomass - an agricultural soil was also used to obtain a H. annuus growth and metal accumulation control. The H. annuus biomass in the contaminated industrial soil was 17% lower, at harvest than that in an agricultural soil. Removals of ca. 0.04 and 0.91% of Zn and Cd respectively were obtained with the biomass produced in the industrial soil in a single crop. Bioaccumulation, remediation and translocation factors corroborated the higher Zn and Cd accumulation in the roots, compared to other plants parts. The survival of applied microbiota was indicated by a high root colonization rate of AMF and identification of strain 1C2 in the rhizosphere at the end of the phytoremediation assay. Changes in the bacterial community occurred in the industrial soil and were possibly associated to the phytoremediation effect on the rhizosphere: metals removal by the plant together with the synergic relationships established between AMF, PGPR and the autochthonous microbial community might have favoured specific soil bacterial genera, namely Nitrospira , Acidobacterium and Candidatus Koribacter . In this study, an optimized phytomanagement strategy applied to a real contaminated soil was successfully tested, and plant biomass with potential for upstream energetic valorisation purposes was produced.
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