The lag-effects of meteorological factors and air pollutants on child respiratory diseases in Fuzhou, China
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The effects of meteorological factors and air pollutants on respiratory diseases (RDs) were various in different populations according to the demographic characteristics, and children were considered a vulnerable population. Previous studies were mainly based in cities with serious air pollution. This study aimed to qualify the lag effects of meteorological factors and air pollution on respiratory diseases among children under 18 years old in Fuzhou.Meteorological data, air pollutants concentrations and hospital admission data of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital between 2015 and 2019 were collected. A Distributed Lag Nonlinear Model (DLNM) was used to evaluate the nonlinear and lagged effect of meteorological factors and air pollutants on daily RDs number. A subgroup analysis was also conducted to evaluate the effect on different sex groups and age groups.A total number of 796 125 RDs visits was included during the study period. For meteorological factors, lower mean temperature and relative humidity were significantly associated with daily RDs number (peak relative risk (RR) = 1.032 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.011-1.053) and 1.021 (95% CI = 1.013-1.029)), while lower wind speed showed a significant association at low range (peak RR = 0.995 (95% CI = 0.992-0.999)). Temperature warming was a significant protective factor for RDs (peak RR = 0.989 (95% CI = 0.986-0.993)). For air pollutants, SO2, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 were all significantly associated with RDs (peak RR = 1.028 (95% CI = 1.022-1.035), 1.024 (95% CI = 1.013-1.034), 1.036 (95% CI = 1.025-1.047), 1.028 (95% CI = 1.019-1.037)), and the relationship had no threshold. The estimated RR and peak lag day did not change extremely between subgroups.The findings provide statistical evidence for the prevention of child RDs. In addition, our findings suggested that even at low concentrations, air pollutants still have negative effects on the respiratory system.Keywords:
Distributed lag
[Objective] To study the health risk assessment of air pollution in Wuwei.[Method] The health risk assement method of Amercian EPA was adopted to analyze the monitoring data of air pollutants SO2 and NO2 in Wuwei from 2003 to 2010,and determine the health risk of air pollutants to the residents.[Result] The air quality of Wuwei was good,and main air pollutants had little risks to the residents' health.[Conclusion] The air environment in Wuwei was good,and it had little impact on the residents' health.
Health Risk Assessment
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A high concentration of air pollution can lead to health problems which are the cardiovascular and respiratory systems (WHO, 2014). A study has been conducted to know the relationship between five criteria air pollutants with hospitalization related to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in two cities in Kelantan. The secondary data from 2000 until 2015 analyzed in the study were obtained from DOE and MOH for the air pollutants concentration and hospitalization, respectively. This study shows that the mean concentration of all pollutants in the study area is below the RMAAQS. Significant Relative Risk (RR) values were found for cardiovascular hospitalization associated with SO 2 (RR = 1.537, 95% CI = 2.970, 7.956), NO 2 (RR = 1.212, 95% CI = 1.156, 1.272), and O 3 (RR = 4.873, 95% CI = 2.768, 8.578). In contrast, significant RR for respiratory hospitalization was found to be associated with SO 2 (RR = 1.952, 95% CI = 1.013, 3.762), NO 2 (RR = 2.021, 95% CI = 6.170, 6.620), O 3 (RR = 1.128, 95% CI = 4.427, 2.874), and PM 10 (RR = 1.008, 95% CI = 1.007, 1.008). The highest value of Relative Risk is O 3 and NO 2 for hospitalization related to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, respectively. In conclusion, the value of RR associated with air pollutants proves that air pollutants are associated with cardiovascular and respiratory-related hospitalization risk.
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Objective To evaluate the relationship between meteorology and malaria in Bozhou city, Anhui province. Methods A quasipoisson distribution lag non-liner model(DLNM) was built to evaluate the association between weekly temperature,relative humidity, weekly rainfall and weekly incidence of malaria in Bozhou city, Anhui province, based on the meteorological data and malaria data from 2005 to 2011. Results Significant positive correlations were found between temperature(-5-30 ℃)and malaria incidence. The delayed effect was the most strong after 1-3 weeks. The highest cumulative RR was 228.9(95%CI:8.0-6 547.9) when the temperature was 26 ℃ and at lag10 weeks; With 0 mm rainfall capacity as the reference, the instant effect of rainfall had no statistical significance. The cumulative RR increased at the beginning, and then decreased with the rise of rainfall. In case of 30 mm rainfall capacity, the correction kept significant during 3-7 weeks, peaking at the sixth week [ RR:3.79(95% CI:1.38-8.49)]; With the lowest relative humidity(31%) as reference, no significant relationship between relative humidity and immediate effect was found. The relative risk was the highest at lag4 weeks, while the relative risk was almost zero at lag10 weeks. With the increase of relative humidity, the cumulative relative risk of malaria increased then decreased.When the relative humidity was 62% and at lag10 weeks, the cumulative effect was the highest[ RR: 513.58(95% CI:14.70-17 943.94)]. Conclusion Meteorological factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall have impacts on the occurrence of malaria and have certain lag effect.
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I realize that all aspects of air pollution could not be covered in the report Pediatric Aspects of Air Pollution by the Committee on Environmental Hazards (Pediatrics, 46:637). The material presented suggests that there is an established clinical cause and effect relationship between air pollutants and disease; unfortunately this is not so. We have some statistics which indicate that air pollution affects patients with myocardial infarctions, and that mortality in the aged increased during air polution catastrophies (Meuse Valley, 1930; Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948; and London, 1952 and 1962).
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I realize that all aspects of air pollution could not be covered in the report "Pediatric Aspects of Air Pollution" by the Committee on Environmental Hazards (Pediatrics, 46:637). The material presented suggests that there is an established clinical "cause and effect" relationship between air pollutants and disease; unfortunately this is not so. We have some statistics which indicate that air pollution affects patients with myocardial infarctions, and that mortality in the aged increased during air polution catastrophies (Meuse Valley, 1930; Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948; and London, 1952 and 1962).
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Air pollution, one of the most serious problems in the world also manifests as a major risk to health and the environment. This study focuses on analysing the air quality trends by means of Air Quality Index (AQI) and the pollutant levels in India over the years of 2016-2018. The results show that air quality has been plummeting as years pass by and calculation of parameters such as AQI(Air quality index) helped us arrive at this conclusion. The hourly changes revealed that peaks of pollutant levels from 8:00 - 10:00 as well as 17:00 - 19:00. Striking trends were observed with respect to bandh days, festivals and harvesting seasons.Rainfall confirms to a negative correlation with pollution levels. Investigation results elucidates that industrial activities, indiscriminate open air burning of crops by the farmers, vehicular traffic etc. are responsible for the high concentration of pollutants. A first principles method of forecasting pollution levels reveals that a naive set of parameters do not prove to be efficacious.
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A selective review of clinical and experimental data pertaining to air pollution and its effects on health and disease is presented. Various air pollutants, their effects on health and national air quality standard levels are outlined. The guidelines for asthmatic patients to follow during air pollution episodes are enumerated.
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