Suitability of Methods to Determine Resistance to Biocidal Active Substances and Disinfectants—A Systematic Review
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Abstract:
Biocide resistance is an increasing concern. However, it is currently unknown if an elevated MIC value for an isolate correlates with a lower log10 reduction in suspension tests or carrier tests. The aim of this review was therefore to evaluate if isolates with a suspected tolerance to a biocidal active substance reveal an elevated MIC value and an impaired efficacy in suspension tests and carrier tests. A Medline search was done on 6 July 2022 using the following terms: “resistance biocidal MIC suspension” (16 hits), “resistance biocidal MIC carrier” (22 hits), “resistance biocidal suspension carrier” (41 hits), “tolerance biocidal MIC suspension” (1 hit), “tolerance biocidal MIC carrier” (4 hits) and “tolerance biocidal suspension carrier” (3 hits). Studies were included when a tolerance or resistance to the biocidal active substance or disinfectant was suspected and at least two of the three endpoints were evaluated in parallel in comparison to the control isolates. In three out of five studies, the elevated MIC values did not correlate with an impaired bactericidal efficacy against the biocide-tolerant isolates. In three out of five studies, an impaired activity in the suspension tests was described that correlated with an impaired efficacy in the carrier tests (peracetic acid-tolerant K. pneumoniae and glutaraldehyde-tolerant M. chelonae; the two other studies did not allow a comparison. Overall, the results from the suspension tests and tests under practical conditions allowed to determine a clinically relevant resistance.Keywords:
Biocide
Disinfectant
Glutaraldehyde
Peracetic acid
Log reduction
The development of peracidous disinfectants allows a disinfection, inactivating an incomparable large spectrum of microorganisms and showing special advantages of toxicology. There is no release of evaporable toxic substances into the air after disinfection with the exception of products based on peracetic acid. In this paper cell cultures are chosen as indicator for the toxicity of evaporable substances. It is shown that the cells were able to propagate in the presence of active oxygen containing disinfectants as well as in the blanc test. However, there was no propagation of cells in presence of formaldehyde, glutardialdehyde and peracetic acid.
Peracetic acid
Disinfectant
Biocide
Sterilization
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Objective To observe the germicidal efficacy and other disinfection properties of a kind of stable peracetic acid.Methods Physical and chemical analysis,suspension quantitative bactericidal test and animal test were carried out to observe the properties on bactericidal effect and safe of this disinfection.Results This disinfectant contained 168 g/L peracetic acid.Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in suspension were killed completely exposed to 336 mg/L peracetic acid for 10 min.The average killing logarithm value of natural bacteria exposed to this disinfectant with the same concentration wiping the objects surface for 10 min was 1.00.The acute oral LD50 of this disinfectant with 5 times concentration in mice was 500 0mg/kg·bw.It could not cause micronucleus formation in mouse bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes.Conclusion This stable peracetic acid disinfectant has good germicidal efficacy on bacteria vegetative and has no toxicity.
Peracetic acid
Disinfectant
Median lethal dose
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Peracetic acid (PAA) has broad application in disinfection, since it produces fewer disinfection by-products. In this study, PAA was used as a disinfectant to inactivate Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis under different pHs and turbidity. The effects of different environmental factors on PAA disinfection were compared. The results were fitted by the common disinfection kinetic models, and the CTs were finally calculated according to the disinfectant decay models and the optimal disinfection kinetic models. By comparing PAA with other common disinfectants, the projected application of PAA was discussed.
Peracetic acid
Disinfectant
Water disinfection
Turbidity
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Objective To observe the germicidal efficacy of two type glutaraldehyde disinfectant,provide basis for actual application.Methods Physical and chemical analysis and carrier quantitative bactericidal test were used to test disinfectant's associated perperties,with common type glutaraldehyde disinfectant for parallel comparison.Results The average killing logarithm value of Bacillus subtilis var niger spores was 5.09 by 20 g/L of the soft flavor type glutaraldehyde disinfectant solution for 60 min.The average killing logarithm value by common type of glutaraldehyde was 3.98 with the same concentration for 60 min.The concerntration of two glutaraldehyde disinfectant liquid decreased less than 5% after stored under 54℃ for 14 d.Conclusion The soft flavor type glutaraldehyde disinfectant can kill bacteria spores slightly better than the ordinary glutaraldehyde disinfectant,and the two glutaraldehyde disinfectant are both stable.
Glutaraldehyde
Disinfectant
Bacterial spore
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Glutaraldehyde
Disinfectant
Dilution
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Peracetic acid is rapidly cidal at low concentrations against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, molds, and algae under a wide variety of conditions. It is also effective against anaerobic and spore-forming bacteria. Peracetic acid is effective at killing biofilm microorganisms at low concentrations and short contact times. Unlike a number of other biocides, the biocidal activity of peracetic acid is not affected by pH or water hardness and is retained even in the presence of organic matter. For these reasons, peracetic acid is well-suited as a biocide in industrial cooling water and paper-making systems. It is also compatible with additives commonly used in these systems. Although peracetic acid is a potent biocide, it is unique in that it does not produce toxic byproducts and its decomposition products (acetic acid, water, and oxygen) are innocuous and environmentally acceptable.
Peracetic acid
Biocide
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Objective To observe germicidal efficacy and disinfection-related properties of a compound disinfectant of peroxide.Methods Suspension quantitative germicidal test and virus inactivated test were used to evaluate the efficacy.Results The original solution of this disinfectant contained 50 g/L peracetic acid and 50 g/L hydrogen peroxide.The killing rates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in suspension exposed to disinfectant containing 50 mg/L peracetic acid and 50 mg/L hydrogen peroxide for 5 min were 100%.The average killing rate of Cerea bacillus exposed to the disinfectant containing 250 mg/L peracetic acid and 250 mg/L hydrogen peroxide for 10 min achieved 96.71%,that of Newcastle disease virus achieved 100%.Conclusion This compound disinfectant of peroxide has good efficacy on killing bacteria and virus.
Disinfectant
Peracetic acid
Peroxide
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Objective To study the problem of glutaraldehyde in use in order to use this disinfectant more scientifically and effectively.Methods Concentration analytical method and suspension quantitative germicidal test were used to carry out the study.Results The monomeric glutaraldehyde in solution was unstable while adding surfactants could make it more stable.Sodium nitrite used as corrosion inhibitor could improve the germicidal efficacy.Activated glutaraldehyde disinfectant would become yellow slightly but the germicidal efficacy was unaffected.This result showed that adding surfactant also inhibited the color change of glutaraldehyde.Conclusion Surfactants can stabilize the glutaraldehyde disinfectant solution.Sodium nitrite has synergistic germicidal efficacy with glutaraldehyde disinfectant solution.
Glutaraldehyde
Disinfectant
Sodium nitrite
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Biocide
Glutaraldehyde
Rotating biological contactor
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Objective To study the disinfection efficacy of compound disinfectant of peracetic acid. Methods Suspended liquid quantitative sterilization test and metal corrosion test were carried out with different concentrations of disinfectant compound. Results The killing rate of Bacillus subtilis var.niger spores exposed to peracetic acid 500 mg·L -1 or available chlorine 300 mg·L -1 for 15 minutes was 99.94% and 97.91% respectively, while that of the spores exposed to the compound disinfectant containing both of them reached 100%. The influence of organic substances on the bactericidal efficacy of this compound disinfectant was less than that on the bactericidal efficacy of the single ingredient. The corrosive effect of the compound disinfectant on the metals was milder than that of peracetic acid, but heavier than that of dichlorodimethylhydantoin. Conclusions Disinfectant efficacy of compound disinfectant increases clearly, while metal corrosiveness decreases.
Disinfectant
Peracetic acid
Sterilization
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