[The emission of toxic ingredients from disinfectant solutions into the air].
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The development of peracidous disinfectants allows a disinfection, inactivating an incomparable large spectrum of microorganisms and showing special advantages of toxicology. There is no release of evaporable toxic substances into the air after disinfection with the exception of products based on peracetic acid. In this paper cell cultures are chosen as indicator for the toxicity of evaporable substances. It is shown that the cells were able to propagate in the presence of active oxygen containing disinfectants as well as in the blanc test. However, there was no propagation of cells in presence of formaldehyde, glutardialdehyde and peracetic acid.Keywords:
Peracetic acid
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Biocide
Sterilization
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The development of peracidous disinfectants allows a disinfection, inactivating an incomparable large spectrum of microorganisms and showing special advantages of toxicology. There is no release of evaporable toxic substances into the air after disinfection with the exception of products based on peracetic acid. In this paper cell cultures are chosen as indicator for the toxicity of evaporable substances. It is shown that the cells were able to propagate in the presence of active oxygen containing disinfectants as well as in the blanc test. However, there was no propagation of cells in presence of formaldehyde, glutardialdehyde and peracetic acid.
Peracetic acid
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Biocide
Sterilization
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Vermamoeba vermiformis is a free-living amoeba (FLA) widely distributed in the environment, known to colonize hot water networks and to be the reservoir of pathogenic bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila. FLA are partly resistant to biocides, especially in their cyst form. The control of V. vermiformis in hot water networks represents an important health issue, but there are very few data on their resistance to disinfection treatments. The sensitivity of cysts of two strains of V. vermiformis to three disinfectants frequently used in hot water networks (chlorine, heat shock, peracetic acid (PAA) mixed with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) was investigated. In vitro, several concentrations of biocides, temperatures and exposure times according to the French regulation were tested. Cysts were fully inactivated by the following conditions: 15 mg/L of chlorine for 10 min; 60 °C for 30 min; and 0.5 g/L equivalent H2O2 of PAA mixed with H2O2 for 30 min. For the first time, the strong efficacy of subtilisin (0.625 U/mL for 24 h), a protease, to inactivate the V. vermiformis cysts has been demonstrated. It suggests that novel approaches may be efficient for disinfection processes. Finally, V. vermifomis cysts were sensitive to all the tested treatments and appeared to be more sensitive than Acanthamoeba cysts.
Peracetic acid
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Disinfectant
Legionella
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Disinfectant
Peracetic acid
Biocide
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High-level disinfection is employed throughout the health services in the disinfection of medical equipment, such as endoscopes, to prevent patient-to-patient infections. The likelihood of an endoscope transmitted infection occurring is rare, providing strict guidelines are followed for effective decontamination between procedures. Endoscopes are subjected to rigorous cleaning and high-level disinfection within washer-disinfectors. However, poor decontamination protocols and inappropriate use of disinfectants can lead to can lead to incomplete disinfection and resistance. A number of bacterial strains were isolated from endoscope washer-disinfectors on several occasions. The efficacy of high-level disinfectants (chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide-based) against these isolates was measured using standard efficacy tests. Resistance mechanisms involved in bacterial survival following biocide exposure were investigated using scanning and transmission electron-microscopy for gross-morphology changes, measurements of expression of detoxifying enzyme and RT-PCR for resistance genes expression, while the role of extracellular polysaccharide in decreasing biocide efficacy, was studied. Two bacterial isolates (Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus) were shown to have a high resistance to chlorine dioxide. Electron microscopy showed significant differences between isolates and reference strains. The B. subtilis isolate produced large quantities of extracellular polysaccharide, which may be interfering with biocide activity. Genes for catalase and superoxide dismutase were present in B. subtilis and enzyme activity varied between isolates and reference strains, indicating a potential involvement in resistance mechanisms, however the extent remains unclear. It was found that the isolate extracellular polysaccharide was not involved in conferring resistance to oxidising agents. This study demonstrated that bacteria can survive high-level disinfection with oxidising agents and that mechanisms conferring resistance are complex but might not be linked to impaired biocide penetration. Furthermore, the findings of this work show that surveillance programmes are essential for monitoring the incidence of biocide resistant isolates in the healthcare environment.
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OBJECTIVE To examine aerosol spray disinfection effect by using peracetic acid and H 2O 2 to the surface and air in the wards and ambulances. METHODS The methods used were in accordance with Disinfection Technology Criteria.RESULTS The Staphylococcas aureus is killed 99.99% by using 0.05 0.15% per acetic acid and H 2O 2 20 30 ml/m 3 for 5 30 minutes, the bacterial spores were killed 99.99% by using 0.1～0.8% per acetic acid 20 30 ml/m 3 for 30 60 minutes, the natural microbes were killed 99.48% by using 0.6% H 2O 2 20 ml/m 3 for 60 minutes.CONCLUSIONS The disinfection effect is credible to spray the air in the wards and ambulances,by using 0.1 0.8% per acetic acid 20 30 ml/m 3. The surface and air disinfection in combination is better than formaldehyde fumigation in favor of low toxicity,less drugs and times and more convenience and easiness.
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Cecil H. and Michele H. Fox point out the disinfecting properties of inexpensive and universally available diluted bleach (5% sodium hypochlorite) as an important germicide to help control the spread of influenza (or any other communicable virus, bacteria, or fungus) (Microbe, April 2006, p. 159). A few more details might help for the effective use of diluted bleach as an antiseptic and disinfectant. Bleach is sold as a stable alkaline solution with a pH value of about 11 or 12. At this alkaline pH value, virtually all of the bleach is in the form of the chlorite ion (OCl−). At an acidic pH value of about 6.0 to 6.8, 90% of the bleach is in the form of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Hypochlorous acid is 80 to 200 times more antimicrobial than the chlorite ion. Thus a simple formula to prepare an effective antimicrobial dilution of bleach is to add 2.0 oz of concentrated bleach to one gallon of tap water, and then add 2.0 oz of 5% distilled white cooking vinegar, also inexpensive and commonly available, to lower the pH of bleach to about 6.0. This will yield about 800 ppm free available chlorine from hypochlorous acid. Use this acidified bleach in well-ventilated areas as there will be a mild odor of chlorine. The acidified bleach must be prepared fresh daily. Protect eyes and mucous membranes. Never add ammonia to bleach. Follow the safety directions as found on the bleach label.
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The bactericidal properties of peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, and formaldehyde were compared in vitro using a rapid micromethod. A combination of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide was also tested to assess interactions. The activities of these agents, which are widely used as disinfectants, were evaluated against water isolates and culture collection strains. Peracetic acid and chlorine exhibited an excellent antimicrobial activity, with a relatively rapid destruction of 10 5 bacteria/mL. The time-dependent bactericidal activities of hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde were the lowest. The combination of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, tested by a checkerboard micromethod, was found to be synergistic. The minimal bactericidal concentration was established in terms of time for a given mixture of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Determination of bactericidal concentrations showed that synergy was maintained with increasing contact time. Concentrations for minimal times of treatment by chemicals that provided interesting activities in vitro were tested for disinfection of ultrafiltration membranes. The bactericidal activities of peroxygen compounds were confirmed and synergism was maintained in working conditions. Chlorine showed a loss of efficacy when used on membranes. Key words: peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, formaldehyde, minimal bactericidal concentration, ultrafiltration membranes.
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Environmentally toxic chemicals have traditionally been utilized for preventing microbiological contamination in industrial water circulations. In recent years the search for novel solutions to replace the most toxic chemicals has gained momentum. Peracetic acid technology has been applied in industries ranging from food to pulp and paper. Peracetic acid has strong oxidizing and biocide properties. Therefore, it was hypothesized and experimentally verified that peracetic acid could be utilized as a disinfectant in the paper industry. Repeated doses from 10 to 20 mg/l of peracetic acid that would remain sub-lethal for numerous microorganisms were successfully applied to destroy the biofilm structure and prevent the growth of microorganisms in water circuits. The effectiveness of the applied technique was confirmed based on the literature, and in a series of laboratory and full-scale industrial studies, 12 % peracetic was shown to be the most suitable for disinfection in paper mill targets. The results further facilitated the work for developing completely closed water circuits of paper mills. The decomposition properties of peracetic acid were also studied, indicating that no active chemical remains 30 minutes after dosing. It was demonstrated for the first time that the use of chlorine in industrial untreated fresh raw water can be replaced by peracetic acid in the pulp and paper industry. Peracetic acid decreased the count of microorganisms and had no adverse effects on auxiliary chemicals such as pigments, clays or starch, which have been utilized as binding chemicals in papermaking. In deinking plants, peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide were studied for inhibition of the activity of the enzyme catalase. Peracetic acid is also crucial in limiting pathogenic bacteria and spores in food-contact paper or packaging. The results presented in this dissertation indicate that the activity of catalase enzyme can be controlled by using peracetic acid solution as a biofilm destroying biocide, rather than by direct disinfection. Understanding the behavior of peracetic acid in the environment of catalase activity supported understanding of its effects in paper machines. Concern about toxic residues that might disturb the wastewater treatment plant led to an investigation of peracetic acid reactions in wastewater. It was observed that wastewater treatment plants suffering from sludge bulking were befitted from peracetic acid oxidation within one week of the dosing scheme. The results presented indicated that 100 mg/l of peracetic acid is an environmentally acceptable solution for sludge bulking problems. Another wastewater-based innovation was odor control with peracetic acid. The corrosive and oxidizing properties of the chemical can be controlled with appropriate maintenance and suitable materials.; Ymparistolle myrkyllisia kemikaaleja on kaytetty estamaan mikrobiologista saastumista teollisissa vesikierroissa. Viime vuosina on kuitenkin pyritty etsimaan uusia ratkaisuja myrkyllisimpien kemikaalien tilalle. Peretikkahappoa…
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Pulp mill
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Biocide
Glutaraldehyde
Sterilization
Disinfectant
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