Psamathe: A DSL with Flows for Safe Blockchain Assets
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Blockchains host smart contracts for crowdfunding, tokens, and many other purposes. Vulnerabilities in contracts are often discovered, leading to the loss of large quantities of money. Psamathe is a new language we are designing around a new flow abstraction, reducing asset bugs and making contracts more concise than in existing languages. We present an overview of Psamathe, including a partial formalization. We also discuss several example contracts in Psamathe, and compare the Psamathe examples to the same contracts written in Solidity.Keywords:
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Smart contracts are a widely researched topic due to their crucial role in blockchain technology. Ethereum, one of the most popular blockchain platforms, utilizes Solidity code for creating secure and transparent transactions through smart contracts. Etherscan provides an extensive collection of Solidity code for Ethereum smart contracts. However, smart contract vulnerabilities can lead to significant financial losses for contract holders. To address this issue, a comprehensive dataset containing numerous defects was collected from etherscan and smartbug-wild. This paper is Proposed a Mathematical model to effectively detect and analyze all possible vulnerabilities with high accuracy, providing an efficient solution for improving smart contract security and ensuring the integrity and reliability of blockchain transactions.
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Technology advancement generates new opportunities to make current business flow simpler and efficient, especially in P2P lending business model. Many companies create online digital platforms to promote new customer experience as marketplace or mediator between lender and borrower to make it easier to interact with each other's. Often transactions that happen inside the platform is not transparent that many lenders accidentally lend their money to problematic borrowers, resulting the lender cannot get their money on time. The purpose of this research is to design a smart contract system in marketplace lending using blockchain technology. The lack of lender control and trust in P2P lending platforms to select the right borrowers can be overcome by implementing blockchain systems and smart contracts. The findings of the field study and literature review show that not only blockchain and smart contracts can provide lenders with better information when selecting borrowers to carry out various transparent transactions, but also speed up the lending business process itself. In the blockchain system, all historical data is stored and thus can improve the process of checking data in the system. Implementing a blockchain and smart contract system on a P2P lending platform can increase trust, reduce delays and be more transparent.
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In recent years, manifold blockchain protocols have been proposed by researchers and industrial companies alike. This has led to a very heterogeneous blockchain landscape. Accordingly, it would be desirable if blockchains could interact with each other. However, current blockchain technologies offer only limited support for interoperability, thus preventing tokens or smart contracts from leaving the scope of a particular blockchain.
As a first step towards a solution for cross-chain smart contract interactions, we introduce a framework which allows to invoke a smart contract from another blockchain. We offer support for continuing a smart contract after receiving a result from a different blockchain, and for calling smart contracts recursively across blockchains. We provide a reference implementation for Ethereum-based blockchains using Solidity and evaluate the performance regarding time and cost overheads.
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The research on the governing blockchain by blockchain supervision system is an important development trend of blockchain technology. In this system there is a supervisory blockchain managing and governing the supervised blockchain based on blockchain technology, results in a uniquely cross-blockchain demand to consensus mechanism for solving the trust problem between supervisory blockchain and supervised blockchain. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a cross-blockchain consensus mechanism based on smart contract and a set of smart contracts endorse the cross-blockchain consensus. New consensus mechanism called Proof-of-Endorse-Contracts (PoEC) consensus, which firstly transfers the consensus reached in supervisory blockchain to supervised blockchain by supervisory nodes, then packages the supervisory block in supervisory blockchain and transmits it to the smart contract deployed in the supervised blockchain, finally miners in supervised blockchain will execute and package the new block according to the status of the smart contract. The core part of the consensus mechanism is Endorse Contracts which designed and implemented by us and verified the effectiveness through experiments. PoEC consensus mechanism and Endorse Contracts support the supervised blockchain to join the governing blockchain by blockchain system without changing the original consensus mechanism, which has the advantages of low cost, high scalability and being able to cross-blockchain. This paper proves that our method can provide a feasible cross-blockchain governance scheme for the field of blockchain governance.
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In recent years, manifold blockchain protocols have been proposed by researchers and industrial companies alike. This has led to a very heterogeneous blockchain landscape. Accordingly, it would be desirable if blockchains could interact with each other. However, current blockchain technologies offer only limited support for interoperability, thus preventing tokens or smart contracts from leaving the scope of a particular blockchain. As a first step towards a solution for cross-chain smart contract interactions, we introduce a framework which allows to invoke a smart contract from another blockchain. We offer support for continuing a smart contract after receiving a result from a different blockchain, and for calling smart contracts recursively across blockchains. We provide a reference implementation for Ethereum-based blockchains using Solidity and evaluate the performance regarding time and cost overheads.
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This paper aims to shed light on how loops are used in smart contracts. Towards this goal, we study various syntactic and semantic characteristics of loops used in over 20,000 Solidity contracts deployed on the Ethereum blockchain, with the goal of informing future research on program analysis for smart contracts. Based on our findings, we propose a small domain-specific language (DSL) that can be used to summarize common looping patterns in Solidity. To evaluate what percentage of smart contract loops can be expressed in our proposed DSL, we also design and implement a program synthesis toolchain called Solis that can synthesize loop summaries in our DSL. Our evaluation shows that at least 56% of the analyzed loops can be summarized in our DSL, and 81% of these summaries are exactly equivalent to the original loop.
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제4차산업혁명과 연계되어 블록체인(Blockchain) 기술은 미래의 핵심기술로 부각되고 있다. 특히 블록체인 상에서 운영되는 스마트 계약(Smart Contract)은 자동화된 디지털 계약시스템으로, 미래의 마케팅과 비즈니스에 중요한 영향을 끼치리라 기대된다. 기존의 전통적인 계약체결 과정에서는 시공간적 제약들 때문에 여러 단계별로 많은 노력과 비용이 투여되는 반면, 디지털 공에서의 스마트 계약은 이러한 제약들 없이, 당사자 간의 즉각적인 계약의 체결과 실행이 가능하다. 그러므로 스마트 계약은 금융, 부동산, 공유경제사업, B2B, 유통 등 다양한 분야에서 기존에 존재했던 제약들을 극복할 수 있는 사업전략으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 미래의 신기술인 스마트 계약에 대하여, 소비자 입장에서 측정할 수 있는 지표로 입증된 TR(Technology Readiness)의 4가지 차원인 '낙관성, 혁신성, 불안감, 불편감'을 기준으로, 기술수용모델인 TAM(Technology Acceptance Model)에서 제시하는 2가지 차원인 '지각된 용이성과 지각된 유용성'을 연계하여 상호관계를 연구한 후, TAM에서 제시하는 신기술에 대한 사용 용이성과 유용성 측면에서 자동화된 스마트 계약이라는 신기술에 대한 소비자들의 행동과 지속적 사용의도를 검증한 결과, 소비자들은 스마트 계약이 미래에 쉽고 유용하게 잘 활용될 것으로 기대한다는 결과를 얻었다. 또한 현재 스마트 계약의 초기 단순한 형태를 내포하고 있는 신규 암호화폐 공개방식인 ICO(Initial Coin Offering)의 경험이 있는지 여부에 따라 응답자를 구분해서 조사한 결과(조절효과), ICO 경험자가 스마트 계약의 지속적 수용의도에 더욱 긍정적인 반응을 나타냄을 바탕으로 미래의 스마트 계약을 이용한 사업에 있어서 소비자들의 체험을 통한 사업 확대의 가능성을 제안한다.
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One of the important features of Blockchain is that it allows the hosting and execution of contracts. Such a contract in the digital world is known as a Smart Contract. But the process and consequences of a contract vary radically from one format of Blockchain to another. One of the formats (and the most common at present) is the Unregulated Blockchain (like Bitcoin and Ethereum) with no government supervision whatsoever. Another format is the Controlled Blockchain which is managed and guaranteed by the Government. It is this difference that is vital in understanding the impacts and consequences of entering into and abiding by Smart Contracts. Firstly, the concept of cryptocurrencies (also referred to as cryptocoins in this paper) is explained. Then the concept of Regulated and Sovereign Backed Cryptocurrencies (RSBCs) is discussed. Later on, I explain how contracts vary between the two Blockchain formats. Finally, the paper concludes as to how smart contracts can be best executed and on which format of Blockchain.
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The International Scientific Research Organization for Science, Engineering and Technology (ISROSET) is a Non-Profit Organization; The ISROSET is dedicated to improvement in academic sectors of Science (Chemistry, Bio-chemistry, Zoology, Botany, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Science, Bioscience, Bioinformatics, Biometrics, Biostatistics, Microbiology, Environmental Management, Medical Science, Forensic Science, Home Science, Library Science, Material Science Military Science, Physical Science, Physical Education Science, Educational Science, Fisheries, seed technology, Agriculture, Forestry Science, Mathematics, Physics, Statistics and Geology/Earth Science), Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Commerce, Management, Economics Sociology and Social Science.
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In this paper, we present the design and development of a collaborative knowledge-sharing platform with Blockchain based smart contracts (CodeBlockS) to help increase the trust and efficiency of how developers find the solution to their problems or try to learn new things.The popularity of Question-and-Answer websites such as StackOverflow, Ask, and Yahoo, as well as online course websites like as Udemy, is gradually expanding.Given this increased popularity, the quality and efficiency of user interaction must be improved such that users can try to connect with each other, ask questions about technical problems they are experiencing, or if they want to learn a topic in exchange for a fee and potentially collaborate on a project, or simply share their thoughts on a topic and improve their knowledge and network at the same time.Because these contracts will contain money, CodeBlockS has employed Ethereum Blockchain-based smart contracts to manage the data and money, as blockchain-based smart contracts are immutable and handle payments very securely.In general, social networking websites there are very few people sharing valuable knowledge and many people sharing worthless, time-consuming content that creates distraction.With the CodeBlockS system, developers find the solution to their problems or try to learn new things, and users can share their thoughts and learning on the platform.The platform also provides inbuilt smart contracts functionality using which two users can create a contract where one user will teach or solve doubt of the other user and receive fees towards service rendered.
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