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    Post-printing characterisation and design for additive manufacturing considerations for conductive tracks 3D-printed by material extrusion
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    3D imaging in dentistry plays an essential part in diagnostics and treatment planning. To transform digital images into a real object that can be experienced haptically may provide new opportunities to practitioners regarding patient communication, skills training, and treatment planning. Therefore, the aim of this article is to provide a practical guide from 3D imaging to 3D printing using low-cost printers and open source software; the authors used 3D Slicer software and a Meshmixer printer, including the printer's own software. The article presents step-by-step instructions on how to perform rapid prototyping via fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA). As an example, we printed the skull of a patient with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome who was undergoing maxillofacial surgery. The protocol explained here should enable the technically interested clinician to produce patient-specific 3D models in-house, prefabricate osteosynthesis plates, and take advantage of the benefits of 3D printing for dentist-patient communication.
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    Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in medicine is one of the new and innovative technology for fabricating 3D models of complex anatomical structures that can be observed both visually and haptically. Patient-specific 3D models fabricated through this process are currently being used for various purposes, including surgical simulation, training, and medical education. Most of the personal use/low-end desktop 3D printers that are becoming widespread are fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printers. Compared to professional/high-end 3D printers, the price of the personal use/low-end desktop FDM 3D printer itself, filament, and running costs are lower; it can lower the economic bottleneck for introducing 3D printing technology into clinical practice, such as surgical simulation. With a desktop FDM 3D printer and a general-purpose PC, anyone can now rapidly fabricate 3D models on their own without having to rely on 3D printing labs and specialized technicians. However, it is also true that FDM 3D printers, due to their mechanical characteristics, encounter many difficulties and problems that emerge during the 3D printing process. Knowledge, know-how, and tips about FDM 3D printers have been introduced in various media, and it has become easy to know about them worldwide via the Internet. However, there has been no comprehensive technical review to date to produce osseous 3D models for use in oral and maxillofacial surgery. In this report, to create 3D models according to the characteristics of maxillofacial and oral surgery, we enable surgeons themselves to create 3D models smoothly by presenting ideas for CT scanning, points to note when exporting Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) image data, how to create optimal stereolithography (STL) models, and problems and solutions for 3D printing.
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    Recently, as the public interests about the 3D printing technology are increased, various kinds of 3D printers are being released. But, they are limited to use because they cannot fabricate an object which is larger than the printer's printing volume. To relieve this problem, we propose an interactive 3D mesh editing system for 3D printing the object that is larger than the printing volume. The proposed 3D editing system divides the input 3D mesh using the user's line drawings defining cutting planes and it attaches various connectors. The output meshes are guaranteed to fabricate without post-processing. The printed parts can be assembled using the connectors. Our proposed system has an advantage that it can be used easily by non-professional 3D printer users.
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    UV light technology-based 3D printer is commonly known as Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer. Photopolymers in liquid form is cured under the beam of UV light to form layer by layer 3D model. A beam of light is pointed that cures a limited area and takes a long time to 3D print a part. An effort has been made in this work to design and fabricate a mask and UV light-based 3D printer for printing 3D models from a liquid photopolymer resin. Samples were also printed to evaluate the performance of this printer. Performance tests were very positive to make this model a commercial machine for printing models for medical applications.
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    The technologies of additive manufacturing, called as 3D printing have been developed and established in various industrial fields. The application of 3D printing technology is still expanding to other fields including medical field. In pharmaceutical industry, 3D printed tablets emerged in United States in 2015. After that, researchers are exploring the epoch model of “patient-tailored medicine” by using 3D printer. The medicines are 3D printed by using several kinds of 3D printers, and unique tablets and other dosage forms are reported. In this review, we introduce the articles and discuss the usefulness of 3D printed medicine.
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    3D printing is a technology that converts a computer-generated 3D model into a real object with additive manufacturing technology. A majority of 3D printing technologies uses one material, and this is considered a limitation. In this study, we developed a multi-material 3D printer by adopting dual resin vat and cleaning system with DLP (Digital Light Processing) 3D printing technology. The developed multi-material DLP 3D printer is composed of a manufacturing system, cleaning system, transporting system, and automatic resin recharging system. Various 3D structures were 3D printed with two materials, thus demonstrating the potential. Printing performance of the multi-material DLP 3D printer was studied by performing a comparative surface roughness test and tension test on specimens composed of one material as well as those composed of two materials.
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    This study aims to compare the accuracies of full-arch models printed by two different 3D printing technologies.A mandibular horseshoe-shaped master model was designed with RapidForm XOR2 software The master model was printed 10 times with 3D printers using direct light processing (DLP) and PolyJet technology (n=20). The printed models were then scanned with an industrial scanner and saved in STL file. All digital models superimposed with the master model STL file and comparison of the trueness was performed using Geomagic Control 3D analysis software. The precision was calculated by superimposing combinations of the 10 data sets in each group.The trueness of printed models was 46 µm for the DLP printer and 51 µm for PolyJet printer; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.155). The precision of printed models was 43 µm for the DLP printer and 54 µm for PolyJet printer. DLP printed models were more precise than the PolyJet printed models (p<0.001).The 3D printing technologies showed significant differences in the trueness of full-arch measurements. Although DLP printed models had better trueness than PolyJet printed models, all of the 3D printed models were clinically acceptable and might be used for the production of fixed restorations.
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