Validity of the Food Frequency Questionnaire—Estimated Intakes of Sodium, Potassium, and Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio for Screening at a Point of Absolute Intake among Middle-Aged and Older Japanese Adults
Tomoka MatsunoRibeka TakachiJunko IshiharaYuri IshiiKumiko KitoSachiko MaruyaKazutoshi NakamuraJunta TanakaKazumasa YamagishiTaiki YamajiHiroyasu IsoMotoki IwasakiShoichiro TsuganeNorie Sawada
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Using Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) to compare dietary references for screening has been in high demand. However, FFQs have been widely used for ranking individuals in a population based on their dietary intake. We determined the validity of sodium (salt equivalent) intake, potassium intake, and sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio obtained using the FFQ for identifying individuals who deviated from the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) measured using multiple 24-h urinary excretion measurements or 12-day weighed food records (WFR). This study included 235 middle-aged subjects. The correlation coefficients (CCs) between the FFQ and WFR estimates were mostly moderate (0.24−0.54); the CCs between the FFQ and 24-h urinary excretion measurements were low or moderate (0.26−0.38). Values of area under the receiver-operating curve (AUC) at the point of DRIs for salt equivalent or potassium were >0.7 with the WFR as the reference standard and 0.60−0.76 with the 24-h urinary excretion as the reference standard. Using both standard measures, the AUC for the Na/K ratio was <0.7. The accuracy of salt equivalent and potassium intake estimation using the FFQ to determine absolute intake point was comparable to that using WFR, allowing for quantified error, but not as good as that of 24-h urinary excretion.Keywords:
Dietary Reference Intake
Food frequency questionnaire
This article studied 12 different genotypes maize systemically by seedling depletion and potted plant,soil culture experiment with low Potassium in soil.The results were that seedling depletion experiment showed Nong-da86 was best in absorbing and accumulating Potassium and sweet corn was the worst.In soil seedling depletion ex-periment,the ratio of absorbing mineral Potassium was highest,the next slow-release.Potassium and the lowest was available Potassium.Soil culture experiment showed that Nongda86 having high absorbing Potassium could still ab-sorb and accumulate more Potassium to meet the need of self growth and to gain more yield,and it was a variety which could absorb Potassium,sweet corn and Liaoyu18 could use Potassium with high efficiency and it belongs to a variety which could use Potassium in higher efficiency and could tolerate low Potassium.When using Potassic fertilizer,Denghai9 had the highest absorbing and its increasing yield was higher and the utilization rate of Potassic fertilizer is higher too.According to this study,it showed though there was difference between different genotypes maize about us-ing Potassium efficiency,There was no remarkable change about absorbing Natrium efficiency.Whether high Potassi-um or lowPotassium,there was no remarkable change about absorbing Natrium efficiency.This showed maize varieties which had high ability to absorb Potassium and then could tolerate low Potassium didnt’ exist Natrium and Potassium vicarism.
Potash
Potassium deficiency
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The effect of anion type and increasing calcium and sodium concentration on short-term potassium absorption by barley plants grown in nutrient solutions containing KCl was studied; the aim was to determine if such KCl-pretreated plants have the same potassium-absorption characteristics as KCl-starved roots. At a concentration of 20mM potassium, KCl-pretreated plants absorbed potassium from chloride solutions 1.5 times as fast as from sulphate solutions, and faster from nitrate than from chloride solutions. However, at 0.5 mM potassium, absorption rates from nitrate and chloride solutions were similar, as were rates from sulphate and chloride solutions at concentrations of 0.5 mM potassium or less. These results suggest that KCl-pretreated plants have both an anion- independent and an anion-controlled component of potassium absorption. In 0.5 mM KCl, high concentrations of calcium and sodium chlorides, but not sulphates, stimulated potassium absorption by KCl-pretreated plants. It is suggested that high rates of chloride absorption may stimulate potassium absorption from concentrations of potassium below 1 mM. In 20 mM KCl, neither chlorides nor sulphates of calcium or sodium had any effect on potassium absorption into KCl-pretreated plants. This result contrasts with published results with KCl-starved roots. The different results are interpreted as an increase in selectivity for potassium over sodium with increasing time of treatment with potassium.
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Summary The free intake of 5% glucose in 3% KCl (G/KCl) and of other solutions has been compared in rats receiving a normal or a high potassium diet. Consumption of G/KCl was increased in rats on a high potassium diet but consumption of 5% glucose in sodium or calcium chloride solutions, or of potassium or glucose solutions alone, was not increased. Despite an increased potassium ingestion, the plasma potassium concentration was no higher in animals on a high K diet which have an increased ability to excrete potassium, Thus, rats which exhibit potassium tolerance also ingest more potassium when this is offered in solutions with 5% glucose. The reason for this is not established.
Potassium deficiency
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Fecal nitrogen excretion in different nutritional conditions were studied in 32 adult Wistar rats, casually distributed in four groups: group A (12), with normal control rats; group B (6), with subcutaneous impalnt of Walker-256 carcinosarcoma, at the beginning of the experiment; group C (8), with tumor implant eight days before the experiment beginning; group D (6), with standard skin wound in 15th day. The animals were fed with normoproteic diet (25% casein content). Nitrogen ingestion and urinary and fecal excretion were daily measured. Evaluation selected parameters were: nitrogen ingestion and urinary, fecal and total excretion; nitrogen fecal excretion/ingestion, nitrogen fecal excretion/urinary excretion and nitrogen fecal excretion/total excretion ratios; nitrogen urinary excretion/ingestion and nitrogen urinary excretion/total excretion ratios. Adequate statistical analysis was done with p < 0.05 critical limit value. It was observed that in normal animals nitrogen fecal excretion was equal to 5.7% ingestion value, 12.0% urinary excretion and 10.8% total excretion. In presence of malignant tumor, nitrogen fecal excretion was equal to 79% of normal animals value. In rats with skin wound in cicatrization nitrogen fecal excretion was 70.5% of normal animals value.
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Net acid excretion
Chinese mitten crab
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A new dietary zinc assessment tool (ZAT) was evaluated to determine its usefulness in estimating zinc intakes among college students.A food frequency questionnaire specifically designed for calculating average zinc intakes was administered to university students who had also completed three-day food records. Zinc intakes from the two instruments were compared.Among 171 participants (38 male, 133 female) aged 20.2 +/- 1.6 years (mean +/- standard deviation), the two dietary assessment methods were positively correlated (r=0.33, p<0.001). The ZAT correctly identified 76% of the women who were obtaining less than the National Academy of Sciences Recommended Dietary Allowance for zinc (8 mg/day for females, 11 mg/day for males).This convenient tool may assist in the identification of problematic dietary patterns at an early stage. Further design modifications and expanded studies are warranted.
Food frequency questionnaire
Allowance (engineering)
Dietary Reference Intake
Reference Daily Intake
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Seeds of silver grass and cape-weed contained so little potassium that the roots of these species could only penetrate a highly potassium-deficient sand to a depth of 3 or 4 cm. By contrast, lupin seeds contained enough potassium to allow root development to a depth of at least 90 cm. The behaviour of other species studied was intermediate between these extremes. With seeds low in total potassium, evidence was obtained of a beneficial effect of applied potassium on seedling emergence. A study of seeds varying in total potassium from 1 µg to more than 20,000 µg showed that most of the variation in total seed potassium was due to variation in seed size, potassium concentration in the seeds being relatively unimportant. The possibility of improving the field establishment of seedlings on potassium deficient soils by increasing the potassium content of the seeds is discussed.
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In previous studies the nature of the substrate requirements, as well as the effects of metabolic inhibitors on potassium uptake by rabbit renal cortex slices, have been examined. In this study a variety of factors have been examined, some of which are known to influence the renal handling of potassium in the intact animal. Pretreatment with deoxycorticosterone acetate enhanced the ability of renal slices to take up potassium from a low external source. This was true even though the fresh-tissue levels of potassium were not markedly altered. Pretreatment with potassium chloride elevated the fresh-tissue potassium level but had no effect on potassium uptake by the slices. Two organic bases which have been reported to interact with the potassium secretory process in the dog were found to have no effect on potassium uptake in vitro. Ammonium chloride was found to depress potassium uptake when present in a concentration equimolar to that of potassium.
Ammonium chloride
Potassium deficiency
Renal cortex
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SummaryCauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. cv. Pusi) grown in sand at different levels of potassium (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 2.0 and 4.0 mM) supply showed best growth at 4 niM potassium. Plants grown below 4mM potassium showed stunted growth, a decrease in the leaf tissue concentration of potassium and developed visible symptoms, the severity of which decreased with increase in potassium supply. Old leaves showed larger variation in potassium concentration in relation to potassium supply. In old leaves 1% K represented the critical potassium concentration for potassium deficiency.
Potassium deficiency
Botrytis
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