Effects of DOCA, K loading, and cations on K uptake by rabbit kidney cortex
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In previous studies the nature of the substrate requirements, as well as the effects of metabolic inhibitors on potassium uptake by rabbit renal cortex slices, have been examined. In this study a variety of factors have been examined, some of which are known to influence the renal handling of potassium in the intact animal. Pretreatment with deoxycorticosterone acetate enhanced the ability of renal slices to take up potassium from a low external source. This was true even though the fresh-tissue levels of potassium were not markedly altered. Pretreatment with potassium chloride elevated the fresh-tissue potassium level but had no effect on potassium uptake by the slices. Two organic bases which have been reported to interact with the potassium secretory process in the dog were found to have no effect on potassium uptake in vitro. Ammonium chloride was found to depress potassium uptake when present in a concentration equimolar to that of potassium.Keywords:
Ammonium chloride
Potassium deficiency
Renal cortex
The effect of application of four sources of N (ammonium sulphate, urea, calcium ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride) in three and four splits on the uptake of nutrients by Co 1 tomato was investigated. Among the sources, ammonium sulphate recorded enhanced uptake of N. P and K followed by CAN. urea and ammonium chloride. Three split applications significantly increased the uptake of N. P and K over four split applications.
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium nitrate
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Abstract A recombinant DNA Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line which produces tissue‐type plasminogen activator (t‐PA) was cultivated continuously in suspension with a constant dilution rate of 0.5 day −1 . The cultivation consisted of four phases with four different ammonium chloride concentrations (0,2.5, 5, and 7.5 mM) in the feed medium, causing a reactor ammonium concentration of up to 8 mM. Cell growth was not inhibited by these high ammonium concentrations, as cell densities of around 2.3 × 10 6 cells mL −1 were established. In contrast, the production of t‐PA was reduced under high ammonium concentration. The decrease in specific t‐PA production could be due to either a negative ammonium influence on productivity or a limitation of medium components, e.g., amino acids. Cell metabolism was changed under high ammonium concentrations, seen most clearly by a decrease in specific ammonium production by a factor of 8 and an increase in specific alanine production of 30%.
Ammonium chloride
Suspension culture
Ammonium sulfate
Dilution
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Ammonium is assimilated in algae by the glutamine synthetase (GS)–glutamine:2‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase pathway. In addition to the assimilation of external ammonium taken up across the cell membrane, an alga may have to reassimilate ammonium derived from endogenous sources (i.e. nitrate reduction, photorespiration, and amino acid degradation). Methionine sulfoximine (MSX), an irreversible inhibitor of GS, completely inhibited GS activity in Ulva intestinalis L. after 12 h. However, assimilation of externally derived ammonium was completely inhibited after only 1–2 h in the presence of MSX and was followed by production of endogenous ammonium. However, endogenous ammonium production in U. intestinalis represented only a mean of 4% of total assimilation attributable to GS. The internally controlled rate of ammonium uptake ( V i ) was almost completely inhibited in the presence of MSX, suggesting that V i is a measure of the maximum rate of ammonium assimilation. After complete inhibition of ammonium assimilation in the presence of MSX, the initial or surge ( V s ) rate of ammonium uptake in the presence of 400 μM ammonium chloride decreased by only 17%. However, the amount that the rate of ammonium uptake decreased by was very similar to the uninhibited rate of ammonium assimilation. In addition, the decrease in the rate of ammonium uptake in darkness (in the absence of MSX) in the presence of 400 μM ammonium chloride matched the decrease in the rate of ammonium assimilation. However, in the presence of 10 μM ammonium chloride, MSX completely inhibited ammonium assimilation but had no effect on the rate of uptake.
Ammonium chloride
Assimilation (phonology)
Chlorophyceae
Nitrogen Assimilation
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Organosilyl ammonium borohydride(2_) was synthesized via route of sol-gel process of organosilyl ammonium chloride(1_), The mole ratio of 1/1/4/2/1.O×10＾(-2) of 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane/dimethyldodecylamine/H₂O/THF/HCl(cat) was proved as an optimal condition on the synthesis of organsilyl quarternary ammonium chloride. In borohydration reaction of organosilyl quarternary ammonium chloride, the prduction of organosilyl quarternary ammonium borohydride was identified by B-H stretching vibrations of 2371, 2320, 2274 cm＾(-1) on a vibrational spectroscopy. As a result, the intent of RH_4＾- was found to be 2.0 mmol per one gram of organosilyl quarternary ammonium borohydride.
Ammonium chloride
Borohydride
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Objective To study the relationship between renal cortex thickness or volume and renal function,and to assess the value of CT as a criterion to grade renal function. Materials and Methods Enhanced CT were performed in 36 nephrohydrosis patients whose split renal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured by SPECT renal dynamic imaging. The 72 kidneys were divided into normal renal function,mild and severe renal impairment groups according to renal function. Differences between the groups respect to the mean cortex thickness and volume were assesses by ANOVA.Using Pearson,scorrelation test,the corelation between the renal cortex thicknesses,volume and renal GFR were examined. Results The renal cortex thicknesses of normal renal function,mild and severe renal impairment groups were(0.51±0.1)、(0.37±0.12)、(0.23±0.80)cm respectively,and the renal cortex volume were(74.26±11.92)、(55.28±15.19)、(27.57±7.02)cm 3. There were significant differences of renal cortex thickness and volume between three groups (cortex thickness F=51.60,P 0.01:cortex volume F=77.01,P 0.01),The thicknesses of renal cortex( r=0.778,P 0.01),the volume of renal cortex ( r=0.815,P 0.01) had positive linear corelation with renal function. Conclu-sion The thicknesses and volume of renal cortex measured by CT can reflect renal function. CT was a supplementary method to assess renal function.
Renal cortex
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Ammonium chloride
Suspension culture
Suspension
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Ammonium chloride
Bicarbonate
Quinine
Ammonium bicarbonate
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Succinic acid
Fumaric acid
Ammonium chloride
Organic acid
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Objective To investigate the changes of integrated backscatter (IBS) of renal cortex and explore their relation to pathological changes of renal cortex during acute renal failure (ARF) in rabbits.Methods The model of ARF was established in rabbits through the intramuscular injection of 50% glycerin (12～15 ml/kg) into the hind leg. Ultrasonic examination was performed on the day before (T 0) and days 1, 3…13 after the injection (T 1,T 3…T 13 ) to measure the IBS of the renal cortex, medulla and sinus. The ratios of IBS of the renal cortex and that of medulla to that of sinus were regarded as the revised IBS (IBS%) of the renal cortex and medulla. Then a correlative analysis was conducted between the IBS% and pathological changes in the renal cortex and medulla.Results The significant increase of IBS% of the renal cortex appeared at T 3, peaked at T 7 and remained abnormal still at T 13 ( P 0.05 ). However, no significant change in IBS% of renal medulla was found. Pathological changes were mainly found in the renal cortex :① casts forming in the renal tubule;② swelling, necrosis and defluxion of the renal tubular epithelial cells;③ renal interstitial edema. These changes occured at T 1, peaked at T 7 and T 9 and remained abnormal at T 13 .Conclusions During ARF, IBS% of the renal cortex is significantly increased,which is closely related to the degree of renal cortical pathological changes. There is no significant change in the IBS% of the renal medulla. The increase in IBS% of the renal cortex during ARF is related to various pathological factors.
Renal cortex
Medulla
Renal medulla
Renal sinus
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The intracellular pool of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine has been shown to act as a central target during the inhibitory action of ammonium ions in vitro cultivated mammalian cell cultures. This pool has been demonstrated to be elevated at the end of a batch cultivation and very quickly as a response to exogenously applied ammonium chloride by using four different cell lines (hybridoma, BHK, CHO, and Ltk(-)929). The amount of enlarged UDP aminohexoses is correlated to the inhibitor concentration and additionally dependent on the cell line. The formation of the UDP sugars is associated with a transient reduction of the UTP pool. Moreover, the quick formation of UDP-GNAc is strictly dependent on the presence of glucose and ammonium. Both metabolites act as biochemical precursors. Additionally, the formation of UDP-GNAc after ammonium application has been shown to increase with an elevated cultivation pH and to be independent of the inhibition of transcription and translation processes. The intracellular amount of UDP-GNAc correlates with the level of growth inhibition in mammalian cell lines. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ammonium chloride
Intracellular pH
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