Historical-geographical understanding of the development of settlements and roads in the Southeastern Zagreb Foothills from the 13th to the 16th century
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This paper describes the development of settlements and roads in the Southeastern Zagreb Foothills from the 13th to the 16th century. The Foothills are a microregion bordered by the river Sava in the south, Zagreb in the west, the Medvednica in the north, and the Zelina Foothills in the east. In the High and Late Middle Ages and the early modern period, this microregion was located in the eastern parts of the Zagreb County and did not have any specific name, unlike today, when it is colloquially known as the Sesvete Foothills, the Foothills, or the Sesvete Area, after the Sesvete district of Zagreb. Today, it is the most densely inhabited area where the foothills meet the Sava plain, while its central hilly parts, with numerous mountain stream valleys and their tributaries, were the most densely populated area in the High and Late Middle Ages and the early modern period. The first settlements in this area developed below fortresses or seats of parishes in the 13th century in the hilly parts of the Zagreb Foothills, but later settlements, in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, developed mostly along the main plains roads. These roads connected the Austro-German lands in the west with the Slavonian and Hungarian counties in the Sava-Drava interfluve and the Podunavlje to the east, and the central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary with the eastern Adriatic ports. All settlements were part of four large estates, which encompassed almost the entire Southeastern Zagreb Foothills area.Keywords:
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The eastern range of Tian Shan begins in the Bogeda Mountains in the west, continues to the Barkul Mountains, and meets the Harlik mountains in the east. There are two basins, the Hami basin and Turpan basin, which collectively are known as the Tuha basin, lying in the southern foothills of the eastern range of Tian Shan. Yiwu county lies in the northern foothills of the Harlik mountains, while Barkul county lies in the northern foothills of Barkul Mountains. In the northern foothills of the Bogeda Mountains are Jimusaer, Qitai, and Mulei counties, which are known as the Eastern three counties for short. In the southwestern foothills of the Bogeda Mountains is the Wutu Corridor ranging from Urumqi to the Turpan region.
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This paper describes the development of settlements and roads in the Southeastern Zagreb Foothills from the 13th to the 16th century. The Foothills are a microregion bordered by the river Sava in the south, Zagreb in the west, the Medvednica in the north, and the Zelina Foothills in the east. In the High and Late Middle Ages and the early modern period, this microregion was located in the eastern parts of the Zagreb County and did not have any specific name, unlike today, when it is colloquially known as the Sesvete Foothills, the Foothills, or the Sesvete Area, after the Sesvete district of Zagreb. Today, it is the most densely inhabited area where the foothills meet the Sava plain, while its central hilly parts, with numerous mountain stream valleys and their tributaries, were the most densely populated area in the High and Late Middle Ages and the early modern period. The first settlements in this area developed below fortresses or seats of parishes in the 13th century in the hilly parts of the Zagreb Foothills, but later settlements, in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, developed mostly along the main plains roads. These roads connected the Austro-German lands in the west with the Slavonian and Hungarian counties in the Sava-Drava interfluve and the Podunavlje to the east, and the central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary with the eastern Adriatic ports. All settlements were part of four large estates, which encompassed almost the entire Southeastern Zagreb Foothills area.
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The foothills and foothills of the Crimean Mountains are considered to be a kind of landscape ecotones, to which landscape experts pay little attention. In particular, from a geographical point of view, Precarpathia is separated by geocomponent boundaries – narrow 25-40 km. A strip stretching along the eastern slopes of the Carpathians for 280-300 m. However, detailed landscape studies of the Precarpathians and adjacent plains showed that the eastern landscape and geographical (geocomponent) boundaries of the Precarpathians, as well as the Carpathians in Ukraine do not coincide. In addition to the Carpathian foothills, it is necessary to highlight the Peredkarpattia plain, which includes Roztocze, Opillia, Middle Transnistria and Khotyn Upland. The landscapes of the Carpathian foothills and the Precarpathian plain are not the same. This is the western and eastern part of the Eastern Carpathian landscape ecotone, formed during their interaction. On its basis, no less unique anthropogenic landscape ecotone is developing, which is still poorly studied by Ukrainian scientists.The landscape ecotone of the foothills of the Crimean Mountains is represented by the foothill forest-steppe, which covers the Outer and Inner Quest Ranges. Here, the diversity of the landscape structure and compliance with the forest-steppe altitude zone of the Crimean Mountains make it difficult to clearly divide the ecotone into three components: two – steppe and mountainous external and central contact. More detailed studies of the landscape ecotone of the foothills of the Crimean Mountains in the future will make it possible to do so.
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(1963). Air Movements in the Foothills of Finnish Lapland. Geografiska Annaler: Vol. 45, No. 2-3, pp. 152-157.
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The analysis of steppe vipers from different parts of the Caucasian Isthmus and from isolated part of the area in the foothills of southern macroslope of the East Caucasus showed the specific status of the latter that it made it possible to describe new species — Pelias shemakheninsis sp. nov.
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Among the species of Mycena and related genera of the Himalayan foothills described in this paper, the following are proposed as new: Mycena abietina, M. bathyrrhiza, M. cinnabarina, M. coalita, M. gentilis, Hydropus eburneus, and Xeromphalina aspera.
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The valleys of the Brahmaputra and the uplands around the valley meet each other in the foothills of Northeast India. This entry explores, through pre-colonial history and current day situations, the role that the foothills have in the relationship between the hills and the plains. Historically, the foothills were both borders and sites of negotiations between the different kingdoms of the Brahmaputra Valley and the residents of the uplands surrounding the valley, with the duars standing out as feats of diplomacy between the two regions. These negotiations concerned religious identity, control over trading areas and resources, political alliances, ethnicity, identity amongst other aspects of life. In today's Northeast India, the foothills continue to mediate between the hills and plains, albeit in a different political and economic landscape. More importantly, these sub-montane regions have acquired their own specificities, forged out of their roles as mediators and sites of negotiations. It is these specificities that distinguish the foothills from the other regions of the Northeast. This entry seeks to highlight the importance of the 'foothills' and set them apart as an area that deserves to be studied in its own right.
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