Characterization of TGFβ-induced tendon-like structure in scaffold-free three-dimensional tendon cell culture
Bon‐Hyeock KooYeon‐Ju LeeNa Rae ParkSu-Jin HeoDavid M. HudsonAysel A. FernandesChet S. FridayMichael W. HastDavid T. CorrDouglas R. KeeneSara F. TufaNathaniel A. DymentKyu Sang Joeng
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Abstract Tendons transmit mechanical forces between muscle and bone. Their biomechanical function requires high tensile strength provided by highly organized collagen fibers. Tenocytes mainly drive tendon growth via extracellular matrix (ECM) production and organization. The biological mechanisms regulating tenocyte differentiation and morphological maturation have not been well-established, partly due to the lack of reliable in vitro systems that produce highly aligned collagenous tissues. In this study, we developed a scaffold-free, three-dimensional (3D) tendon culture system using mouse tendon cells and a differentially adherent growth channel. TGFβ treatment promoted tendon-like structure in the peripheral layer of the constructs with decreased cell density, decreased cell proliferation, increased thickness, and more elongated cells within highly aligned extracellular matrix. The constructs were used to understand the function of TGFβ signaling in tenogenic differentiation, collagen fibrillogenesis, and biomechanical properties. This scaffold-free 3D constructs system can serve as a reliable in vitro system to study underlying biological mechanisms that regulate cellular and matrix maturation in tendon development and growth.Keywords:
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This review highlights recent research on structure–function relationships in tendon and comments on the parallels between development and healing. The processes of tendon development and collagen fibrillogenesis are reviewed, but due to the abundance of information in this field, this work focuses primarily on characterizing the mechanical behavior of mature and developing tendon, and how the latter parallels healing tendon. The role that extracellular matrix components, mainly collagen, proteoglycans, and collagen cross-links, play in determining the mechanical behavior of tendon will be examined in this review. Specifically, collagen fiber re-alignment and collagen fibril uncrimping relate mechanical behavior to structural alterations during development and during healing. Finally, attention is paid to a number of recent efforts to augment injured tendon and how future efforts could focus on recreating the important structure–function relationships reviewed here.
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Abstract Tendon plays a critical role in the joint movement by transmitting force from muscle to bone. This transmission of force is facilitated by its specialized structure, which consists of highly aligned extracellular matrix consisting predominantly of type I collagen. Tenocytes, fibroblast-like tendon cells residing between the parallel collagen fibers, regulate this specialized tendon matrix. Despite the importance of collagen structure and tenocyte function, the biological mechanisms regulating fibrillogenesis and tenocyte maturation are not well understood. Here we examine the function of Reticulocalbin 3 (Rcn3) in collagen fibrillogenesis and tenocyte maturation during postnatal tendon development using a genetic mouse model. Loss of Rcn3 in tendon caused decreased tendon thickness, abnormal tendon cell maturation, and decreased mechanical properties. Interestingly, Rcn3 deficient mice exhibited a smaller collagen fibril distribution and over-hydroxylation in C-telopeptide cross-linking lysine from α1(1) chain. Additionally, the proline 3-hydroxylation sites in type I collagen were also over-hydroxylated in Rcn3 deficient mice. Our data collectively suggest that Rcn3 is a pivotal regulator of collagen fibrillogenesis and tenocyte maturation during postnatal tendon development.
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