The sounds of languages
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The chapter presents crosslinguistic generalizations about the sounds that languages use, how the sounds take on variant forms depending on the phonological context, how they are ordered relative to each other, and what the basic phonological terms are that crosslinguistic generalizations are couched in. Recurrent properties of visual forms of language – writing systems and sign languages – are also discussed.Keywords:
Phonological rule
This article describes the basic aspects of the phonology of Kurmuk, a previously undescribed language belonging to the Northern Burun subbranch of the Western Nilotic family. After a morpho syntactic overview, the treatment of the phonology includes syllable structure and word shapes, vowels and vowel alternation, consonants and consonant alternation, and tones and tonal processes.
Alternation (linguistics)
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One of the assumptions underlying theories of phonological derivation is that the phonological architecture of any language consists of, at least, an abstract underlying form, its surface form and conditions which derive the surface form from its underlying form. It is further assumed that the conditions are serially ordered in frameworks which subscribe to the rule ordering such as orthodox generative phonology and lexical phonology. In the present study, these issues are engaged in the case of Uvwie. In particular, the study seeks to investigate the conditions (processes and rules) which derive surface forms from their corresponding underlying forms, and the order in which they apply. Thus the study will examine the different well-motivated phonological rules attested in the derivation of Uvwie formatives, and provide evidence for the order in which the processes apply. The study employe data documented in Ekiugbo (2016), and couched its analysis within rule ordering principle of generative phonology. The study identifies six rules, which are ordered thus: nasal assimilation > glide formation > vowel elision > tone fusion > vowel lengthening > consonant elision.
Phonological rule
Assimilation (phonology)
Optimality theory
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本文的重奌在于描写海南（文昌）方言的语音系统。按照一般习惯，从声、韵、调三方面来加以观察和描写其各别特征，并拟订一声、韵、调配合表，藉以明了三者的实际配合情况。根据初步研究的结果，共得十八个声母，四十八个韵母（包括两个声化韵母），六个基本声调和两个变调。此外，本文也对海南方言中的文白异读等现象作一初步探讨。限于篇幅，同音字表只好暂时从略。海南方言在语音方面，尤其是在声调方面，有许多特异的地方，尚有待历史比较音韵部分的更进一步说明。这一部分已初步写就。目下正在撰写有关语法和词汇两部分。希望不久能陆续完成。
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Interface (matter)
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Morphology
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Walmatjari is spoken by less than a thousand people in the Kimberley division of Western Australia. The number of people who speak Walmatjari as a first language is considerably less than those who speak it as a second language. It is at least intelligible to most Aborigines of the area. The majority live on cattle stations on the south side of the Fitzroy River and along Christmas Creek, though speakers may be found as far away as Broome in the west and Halls Creek in the
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The phonology belongs to the basic structures of a language. Knowing the sounds of the phonemes of a language is essential for the grammar, etymology or classification of a given language. For ancient languages (extinct or classical), phonology is always problematic, for obvious reasons. In this paper, various approaches are evaluated and combined that can shed light on how Gəʿəz might have sounded in Aksumite times: transcriptions in contemporary language, transcriptions and loanwords from contemporary languages, traditional pronunciation, the phonology of the daughter languages, and comparative evidence.
Etymology
Pronunciation
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Due to a number of unusual and interesting properties, Korean phonetics and phonology have been generating productive discussion within modern linguistic theories, starting from structuralism, moving to classical generative grammar, and more recently to post-generative frameworks of Autosegmental Theory, Government Phonology, Optimality Theory, and others. In addition, it has been discovered that a description of important issues of phonology cannot be properly made without referring to the interface between phonetics and phonology on the one hand, and phonology and morpho-syntax on the other. Some phonological issues from Standard Korean are still under debate and will likely be of value in helping to elucidate universal phonological properties with regard to phonation contrast, vowel and consonant inventories, consonantal markedness, and the motivation for prosodic organization in the lexicon.
Optimality theory
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Notes on Pazeh Phonology and Morphology Robert Blust Abstract Pazeh, once the heritage of a substantial language community in the Puli basin of central Taiwan, appears to be down to its last fluent speaker. Several linguists have worked on the language in recent years, all drawing on the same resource, but arriving at somewhat different transcriptions and analyses. This paper presents an analysis of the synchronic and historical phonology of Pazeh, and provides the most complete inventory of affixes described to date. Loanwords suggest a period of fairly intensive contact with Taokas, thereby implying that the Pazeh were on the western plain within the relatively recent past. The linguistic position of Pazeh remains obscure, because some apparent exclusively shared innovations point to a closer relationship with Saisiyat, while others point to a closer relationship with Thao and the core group of Western Plains languages (Taokas, Papora, Hoanya, Favorlang/Babuza). Both in its phonology and its morphology, this little-studied language sheds light on aspects of Proto-Austronesian that are only feebly attested in the language family as a whole. 1. Introduction. Nearly half of the 26 known Formosan aboriginal languages are extinct, their speakers culturally and linguistically absorbed into the dominant Taiwanese-speaking population that began to reach the island in significant numbers around the beginning of the seventeenth century. As in other parts of the world, the prospects for cultural and linguistic survival of the native peoples in Taiwan have tended to vary inversely with the quality of their lands. In the western plains, where the best agricultural lands are found, competition with incoming Taiwanese rice farmers forced the aboriginal peoples to an early decision: remain and be assimilated, or flee into the rugged Central Mountains. Groups such as the Taokas, Papora, Hoanya, Favorlang/Babuza, and Siraya chose the first alternative, and their former presence in the area is now detectable only through traces in the physical features of some elements of the population. Groups such as the Thao, on the other hand, fled into the high country, and were thereby able to postpone the day of reckoning that is now upon them (Blust 1996, 1999). The Pazeh (also known as Kahabu) live in the Puli Basin, an enclosed natural sink near the western flank of the Central Mountains at an elevation of about 1,000 meters. Given its advantages for agriculture, the Puli Basin attracted Taiwanese settlers from a relatively early time, and the Pazeh thus came under assimilatory pressure later than the peoples of the western plains, but sooner than most mountain aborigines. Little useful information of any kind was available for Pazeh until Ferrell (1970) published a vocabulary of about 800 lexical items, with some accompanying remarks on phonology and grammar. At about the same time, Tsuchida (1969) compiled a draft dictionary that remains unpublished, but is the most complete source of lexical information available to date. More recently, Li (1978, to appear) and Lin (1988, 1999) have described various aspects of the morphology and syntax of the language. All later work, the present publication included, has benefited greatly from the foundations laid by the pioneering descriptions of Ferrell and Tsuchida. Ferrell, who collected his data between 1967 and 1969, reports that some 2,000 persons in the vicinity of the town of Puli at that time identified themselves as Pazeh-Kahabu, "although about their only cultural distinctiveness from their Chinese neighbors is the fact that since the 1870s nearly all the Pazeh-Kahabu have been Presbyterians. Minnan-Chinese is now the primary language of all. Only people in their sixties and seventies have any knowledge of Pazeh-Kahabu, and few if any individuals under 50 know anything whatsoever of the language." Given this statement, written over 30 years ago, the prospects of recovering further information on Pazeh did not appear promising when I arrived in Taiwan in 1994 in the hope of doing salvage linguistics with some of the most endangered Austronesian languages. Fortunately, Ferrell's prognosis, while generally true, has turned out to be overly pessimistic, as at least one full speaker of Pazeh is still alive. The data in this paper are based entirely on the speech of Mrs. Pan Jin-yu, born...
Morphology
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