Investigations of PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis, a plastic-degrading bacterium
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7strains degrading oil were isolated from long-term oil-contaminated soil and they were numbered as bacteria 2-1,bacteria 7-1,bacteria 1-2,bacteria5-2,bacteria 7-2,bacteria oil 3,bacteria oil 5,of which bacteria 2-1and bacteria 7-1were identified as Serratia marcescens,bacteria 1-2as Raoultella planticola,bacteria 5-2,bacteria oil 3,and bacteria oil 5as Klebsiella genus,bacteria 7-2as Bacillus cereus by morphological observation,Biolog identification and 16SrDNA gene sequence analysis.Bacteria 1-2,bacteria 5-2and bacteria 7-2enabled the surface tension of the fermentation liquid reduce from 36.1mN/m to 20.2mN/m, 20.74mN/m and 21.78mN/m,indicating the surfactants produced by the bacteriums have a strong emulsification crude capacity and show great potential.
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Under the controlled laboratory conditions,the rotating annular bioreactor(RAB) intermittently operated was used to investigate the activities of heterotrophic bacteria attached to biofilm and suspended bacteria in water after the biofilm on coupon was stabilized.The results show that the AOC concentration decreases gradually with the prolongation of operation time,from 64 μg/L to 28 μg/L(calculated as acetic acid carbon) after a 24-h retention period.The amounts of suspended bacteria and attached bacteria increase and subsequently decrease with operation,and the former fluctuation is more significant.During the first 12 h,the activities of suspended bacteria and attached bacteria increase.After the 12 h,the activity of suspended bacteria decreases rapidly while the activity of attached bacteria decreases slightly,which suggests that the attached bacteria have higher adaptability to the environment than the suspended bacteria.
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The infected cells in pea(Pisum sativum L.) root nodules were observed by scanning electron microscopy.Results showed that in the infected cells there were a large quantity of bacteria which were very different in shape.They were mainly rod-shaped bacteria,secondly,were spherical bacteria,often Y-shaped bacteria and T-shaped bacteria were also seen,but other shaped bacteria were a little.Besides the bacterial shape was not completely same,there still were some bacteria which were very special in these cells.Such as some bacteria were longer,often occurred contraction in one or some parts and formed one or more than one contractile rings,so its shape was like a lotus root;Some bacteria were specially large in size,it was 2 or more than 2 times of a general bacterium;two ends of some bacteria were not same thick and one end often swelled,its shape was similar to a wooden club.In these infected cells there were many vesicles which were different in size,but they all were sphere.They were located among bacteria,even some vesicles appeared on the surfaces of the bacteria,and there were many bacteria near them,sometimes the surfaces of these bacteria possessed various bulgings.
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The human intestinal tract is filled with a large number of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, molds, protozoa, and parasites. Intestinal bacteria are divided into long-term (permanent resident) and transit (foreign) bacteria according to the time of residence and growth in the intestinal tract. Passenger bacteria remain for a few days and are then expelled. Symbiotic bacteria in the intestinal tract can coexist peacefully with the host human body, symbiotically and mutually beneficially, forming what is called the "human super organism". The fermentation of good bacteria is beneficial for the human body. The destructive effects of bad bacteria make people sick. Intestinal bacteria for humans can be divided into good bacteria (beneficial bacteria, symbiotic bacteria), which make up 10-20%. Bad bacteria (bad bacteria, pathogenic bacteria) accounted for 20%, and neutral bacteria (opportunistic bacteria, conditional pathogens) accounted for 60 to 70%.
Flora
Pathogenic bacteria
Intestinal bacteria
Human gastrointestinal tract
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When some hear the word bacteria, they may just think of germs that will get you sick if you don’t wash your hands. However, not all bacteria are created equal. While some bacteria may do harm to us, others actually help us every day in digestion! This goes to show that all bacteria are not the same. There are many different species in bacteria and each of these species have varying characteristics. For example, some bacteria may grow well in an environment that may be inhospitable for other bacteria. Temperature, pH, and osmolarity are just a few ways that this diverse group of bacteria may differ from one another. These values are all characteristic of the environments that these bacteria thrive in. Just like other organisms, bacteria rely on their environment for survival. However, sometimes the conditions of a bacteria’s environment may not be optimal for the bacteria’s survival. In some ways bacteria are just like us. If it’s cold outside we may put on a coat, or in some cases just avoid going outside all together. We take precautions to make sure that we won’t freeze. Bacteria also take precautions to help increase their chances for survival in a challenging environment.
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There are some bacteria known to have the ability to break down heterocyclic hydrocarbon compounds. However, they are not efficient enough to degrade these compounds as the bacteria require a long time to grow, fully degrade hydrocarbon compounds, and the environment for growing bacteria is easily contaminated. Thus, in this study, the bacteria were immobilized and grew inside the gellamgum. The bacteria involved are Thalassospira sp. strain MOI and M155 bacteria which have the ability to degrade Biphenyl (BPH) and Dibenzofuran (DBF) respectively. By immobilizing these bacteria, the rate of degradation is proven to be faster than free bacteria and they can be reused. Furthermore, they are safe from any possible contamination. Immobilization also improves the degrading enzyme induction and reusability of bacteria.
Dibenzofuran
Biphenyl
Degradation
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Effect of metazoa Philodina erythrophthalma on proportion of physiologically active bacteria was evaluated using two fluorescein chemicals 6CFDA (6-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate) and DAPI (4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) for staining bacteria. 6CFDA stains bacteria with esterase hydrolyzing activity. DAPI stains DNA of bacteria (indicator of total bacteria) . The number of bacteria in the presence of P. erythrophthalma was lower comparing with those in the absence of P. erythrophthalma. But the decrease of active bacteria is smaller than that of total bacteria, enhancing proportion of active bacteria (number of active bacteria divided by number of total bacteria) from 40% in the absence of P. erythrophthalma to 46% in the presence of P. erythrophthalma. Proportion of active bacteria in flocculated bacteria tended to be higher in the presence of P. erythrophthalma comparing with that in the absence of P. erythrophthalma.
DAPI
Esterase
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Fufenozide was a novel pesticide for the control of Lepidoptera pests, which was highly toxic to silkworm. Fufenozide-contaminated soil samples were collected and the bacteria that degrade fufenozide were isolated and screened by selective medium. The colony characteristics, cell characteristics and degradation characteristics in different concentrations fufenozide of the fufenozide degrading bacteria were studied. The results indicated that seven strains of fufenozide degradeing bacteria, named as DDH01, DDH03, DDH04, DDH04, DDH05, DDH07 and DDH07 respectively, were isolated from soil contaminated with fufenozide. DDH01, DDH02, DDH04 and DDH05 of seven fufenozide degrading bacteria, was gram-positive bacteria, and DDH03, DDH06 and DDH07 was gram-negative bacteria. All of seven strains of fufenozide degrading bacteria were not spores, weeks flagella, rod-shaped bacteria. DDH06 and DDH07 had capsules, and the remaining five strains had not capsule. The colonies formed by seven strains of fufenozide degradation bacteria on beef extract peptone medium plate were milky white colonies with irregular edges, thinner lawn, smaller colony with smooth surface. The growth of 7 strains of fufenozide degradation bacteria was significantly affected by the concentration of fufenozide, All of 7 strains grown in the range from 0.00025 g/mL to 1 g/mL of 10% fufenozide suspension. DDH2 was the best among the 7 strains of fufenozide degrading bacteria grown in 10% fufenozide suspension medium.
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Gram-Positive Bacteria
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On the solid surface of indoor moist environment bacteria grow to form biofilms easily, which are hard to remove because of its high adhesion. It is of great microbiological safety significance to research bacteria in such kind of biolfilms. Here we isolated bacteria from biofilm growing on solid surface of a public bathroom with Luria Bertani medium (LB) and its 10-fold diluted medium (LB/10). We found that the biodiversity of bacteria growing on LB/10 was better than that of LB. Furthermore one species of bacterium overgrowing other bacteria phenomena was observed on LB but not on LB/10. Eight strains of bacteria isolated with LB1/10 were identified by 16S rDNA analysis. They are clustered with some clinical isolates and uncultured bacteria. Considering the growing environment of these bac- teria we also tested their detergent-degrading ability, and found that they could decrease the quantity of foam caused by detergent.
Isolation
Enrichment culture
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Bacillus (shape)
Bacterial growth
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