Flood management: lessons from a US city
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The traditional means of flood defence in the UK has been to either increase the capacity of the watercourse or to build barriers between the watercourse and property at risk. The latter approach was used in the city of Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA, but in 1997 the raised defences (levees) were overwhelmed by a flood event with an annual probability of less than 0·5% (i.e. greater than a 1-in-200-year event). Flood management is now superseding the narrower engineered solution of flood defence alone, and while flood management may well include raised defences in some areas, other approaches are also used, as the solution to the Grand Forks flood risk shows. Here large-scale removal of property from one part of the floodplain has prevented that area from incurring further damage and has also provided more 'space' for the river in flood times. Differences between the UK and US situations are highlighted, including the type of flood risk, the role of the city engineer, and lessons that can be learned from the Grand Forks example.Introduction Flood risks can be reduced by either reducing the probability or the consequences of a flooding. These consequences can be quantified with flood damage models. Such models determine flood damage based on the water depth and the land use. This thesis will investigate the need to also use the flood duration as input parameter. Problem definition Besides the water depth, also other factors determine the resulting flood damages. These factors are often not taken into account in flood damage models. One of these influences is the flood duration. The longer a flooding lasts, the larger the material damage, and especially damage due to interruption will be. Flood duration causes interruptions and extra material damages. Taking into account flood duration can, therefore, theoretically make flood damage models more accurate. Flood duration predictions are, however, at the moment rarely done. This thesis aims to get both a qualitative and quantitative understanding of flood duration and the importance of flood duration for damage assessments. Research This thesis aims to explore the possibilities of assessing flood duration for flood risk management. This is approached by the following steps. 1. Development of a better understanding of flood duration. By looking at different areas and flood threats, a flood type categorization was developed and durations were estimated for each flood type 2. Exploration of the influence of flood duration on damage. A modeling method to roughly estimate the duration-dependent damage was developed. The framework of this method may also be useful for future duration dependent flood damage models. 3. Two case studies were carried out to study flood duration and its influence on damage in more detail: First the Betuwe and Tieler & Culemburgerwaard area was studied and secondly the area threatened by a breach at the Parksluizen in Rotterdam was focused on. Different scenarios were used with varying breach locations, measures and use of outlet and drainage structures. Results 1. The most important factors which determine the flood duration are duration necessary to repair the breaches, the possibilities for drainage by gravity, the elevation and elevation variation in the area and the magnitude of the flood event. Flooding durations in the Netherlands vary between hours and about one year. 2. Adding flood duration as input to flood damage models adds a little extra accuracy. This is limited because flood duration is correlated with the water depth. With the current flood damage accuracy, incorporating flood duration is only useful for specific cost benefit analysis related to measures that aim to change the flood duration. Conclusions and recommendations Flood duration can be significant for large floods in low and endyked areas. In these cases flood duration can also have a significant impact on the damage. However, a complex economic model is necessary to quantify this. Therefore, flood duration can only reach its full value as an input, in combination with better economic modeling.
Flood stage
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The flood in the Chao Phraya River basin in 2011 caused 815 deaths and more than $45 billion in economic damage to Thailand. The industrial sector, the main contributor to the country’s economy, suffered especially devastating economic damage due to inundation of the industrial areas in the river basin. Seven industrial areas, where the total share of Japanese-affiliated firms was more than half, were most severely hit by the flood. In this study, a survey was conducted with Japanese-affiliated firms from February–March 2015 with the purpose of further strengthening their flood countermeasures in the future. The firms’ factories were asked which lessons from the 2011 flood they considered important and whether their experiences from the flood had been applied to strengthening their flood countermeasures. It was found that these factories, regardless of their inundation status in 2011, considered “preparation of a business continuity plan or manual for possible floods” to be the most important lesson from the 2011 flood. However, when it comes to actual implementation of flood countermeasures, the factories that were inundated in 2011 strengthened flood countermeasures much more than the factories with only indirect damage. In both groups, however, collaboration with business partners and local communities as well as use of reliable flood-related information were revealed to be the areas where further strengthening would be possible.
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Flood warnings can be communicated through mobile devices and should convey enough information to keep the user safe during a flood situation. However, the amount of detail included in the warning, such as the depth of the flood, may vary. The purpose of this study was to investigate how to best inform drivers of floods to keep them protected. Participants were tasked to drive to a restaurant in a driving simulator after receiving instructions and a type of flood information warning during each scenario (flood, no flood, flood of 6 inches, flood of 6 inches maximum). We found that participants accepted the alternate route more when in a scenario with a flood present compared to the no-flood scenario. These results deepened the understanding of human decisionmaking and can guide future flood warning designs to keep drivers protected from flooded roadways
Flood warning
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Abstract Comprehending the correlation between alterations in human‐flood distance and flood fatalities (as well as displacements) is pivotal for formulating effective human adaptive strategies in response to floods. However, this relationship remains inadequately explored in existing global analyses. To address this gap, we examine 910 flood events occurring from 2000 to 2018, resulting in significant numbers of fatalities and displacements. We find that in 53% of countries, humans tend to distance from floods, particularly in the Middle East. Such distancing greatly mitigates flood fatalities and displacements. Simultaneously, in areas with increased flood protection level (FPL), humans are less likely to move away from floods. Furthermore, FPL and human‐flood distance have decreased in regions affected by ice jam‐ and hurricane‐induced floods from 2000 to 2018. Notably, regions with human‐flood distance slightly below the average for a given flood type experience more severe flood fatalities.
Flood stage
Distancing
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Flood historical data from the Kelara River in the last 10 years shows that the river has often overflowed, and the worst floods happened on January 22, 2019. One of the efforts to minimize the negative impact of a flood disaster is to conduct flood tracking. Flood tracking is an analysis of the flood along the river, or also known as flood propagation, which can be used as a reference in the preparation of a flood early warning system. This study aims to determine the propagation of the Kelara River flood which can be used to determine flood-prone areas and as a reference in the preparation of a flood early warning system. This research was carried out in 3 stages, namely flood hydrology analysis using the HEC-HMS program, numerical simulation of 2D floods using the HEC-RAS program, spatial modeling of flood-prone areas using the ArcGIS program, and preparation of a flood early warning system. The results of this study showed that the flood that occurred on January 22, 2019, was a 100-year return period flood, and determined that 10 points of residential areas/villages must be alerted when the intensity of rain is high, with the fastest time to be alerted being 52 minutes.
Flood warning
Flood forecasting
Flood stage
Return period
HEC-HMS
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Dike
Detention basin
Flood control
Flood stage
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Abstract The serious shrinkage of Dongting Lake in China has led to the deterioration of its flood diversion and storage capacity, and now flood disasters have become more frequent. A lake restoration strategy is proposed in order to relieve flood-prone areas. However, flood movement is a dynamic process, so that approaches neglecting the hydrodynamics cannot accurately represent flood responses to restoring polders to a lake in a complex river basin. Here, a coupled one-dimensional and two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to investigate flood responses to restoring polders to Dongting Lake under the conditions of the 1998 flood event. Quantified flood reduction effects show that the characteristics of flood responses vary significantly with the management option chosen. Appropriate strategies of lake restoration are suggested according to different flood responses. Polders of type II, which favour flood discharge, should be restored in order to streamline flood conveyance. Considering the ecological requirements of the lakes and wetlands, type I polders far from main flows can be partially restored, resulting in evacuation of residents to safe areas but keeping the cultivation.
Flood stage
Flood control
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Flood forecasting
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Taking Dongfeng lake as an example,the application process of the flood zone during the flood period in 2003 was calculated by using hydrodynamic numerical model. In this study,the application process of the flood zone was divided into five stages in detail according to the hydrodynamic characteristics and functions. Meanwhile,the hydrodynamic characteristics,the flood propagation law of the flood zone,and the different effects on flood water level and discharge of up and down streams have been studied. According to the results,the flood water level of up and down streams can be reduced effectively at the beginning. And then,the flood zone can only make influence on the flood water level of upstream after the flood get through the flood zone.
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