Ethnicity and cure rates of Texas children with acute lymphoid leukemia
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BACKGROUND Ethnic differences in the survival of children treated for acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) have been described in several locations. Children of African, Polynesian, Native American, and Mexican ancestry had a less favorable outcome than children of European ancestry when treated in a similar manner by the same physicians and nurses. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of the 94 European-American (E-A) and 84 Mexican-American (M-A) Texas children registered and treated in national collaborative ALL therapy trials at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston between 1974 and 1985 and followed through June 1994. Information was collected regarding age, sex, presenting clinical features, risk for relapse grouping, protocol assignment, event free survival, and the financial status of their families. Cure was defined as initial continuous complete remission for more than seven years and cessation of therapy for more than four years. Presenting characteristics of E-A and M-A children were compared, and then related to cure rates by univariate and multivariate analyses. Event free survival rates of E-A and M-A children were determined together and by sex. RESULTS Comparing presenting features, financial status as identified by pay code was significantly less for M-A children. Other features were not significantly different. By univariate analysis, an age of 2 to 6 years, female sex, initial white blood cell count below 10,000/μL, low risk grouping, registration on the most recent protocol, and full pay status were significantly associated with higher cure rates. By multivariate analysis, male gender, high risk group, and registration on earlier protocols were found to be significantly associated with a low cure rate. Event free survival and cure rate were lower for M-A children, but the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Further study of larger numbers of patients, including contemporary immunophenotypic and genotypic characterization of ALL, is needed for better definition of possible ethnic differences. Ethnicity and financial status should be included in the analysis of clinical trials of ALL therapy. Cancer 1996;77:563-9.Keywords:
Univariate analysis
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Neonatal hypoglycemia
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Cancer surgery
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Deprivation-specific life tables have been in use for some time, but health outcomes are also known to vary by ethnicity over and above deprivation. The mortality experiences of ethnic groups are little studied in the UK, however, because ethnicity is not captured on death certificates.
Social Deprivation
White British
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This research reports the drinking patterns and alcohol problems in three ethnic groups of the U.S. population: Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. Respondents were sampled randomly from the general population of three counties of the San Francisco Bay Area, in northern California. Both Black and Hispanic females have higher rates of abstention than White females, but at the aggregate level male's drinking patterns are similar across ethnic groups. However, among males the patterning of drinking and the prevalence of alcohol problems by age change dramatically according to ethnicity. Among White males drinking and problems decrease abruptly from the twenties to the thirties, as has been traditionally found in the U.S. general population. Among Black males the trend is exactly the opposite of that for Whites, while among Hispanic males there also is a decrease but not quite so large as that for Whites, and the frequency of heavy drinking and problems is always higher than for the other two groups. The types of problem reported by respondents do not vary by ethnicity but the sociodemographic correlates of both number of drinks consumed per month and number of alcohol problems do differ among the ethnic groups. Both Hispanics and Blacks have more liberal attitudes toward alcohol use than Whites. These results suggest that Whites, Blacks and Hispanics each have a characteristic way of using alcoholic beverages. The less restrictive views towards alcohol use in the Black and Hispanic culture, as well as the different patterning of drinking and problems by age, are of importance for prevention: Whites, Blacks and Hispanics have different groups of people at risk for developing alcohol problems and prevention should be planned accordingly.
White (mutation)
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Background
Population diversity in England and Wales (E&W) has steadily increased since 1991; the proportion of people defining themselves as not White has since doubled and increased to 14% of the total population by 2011. However, unlike other immigration countries mortality for ethnic groups, an important population health indicator, is not collected. To fill this knowledge gap we previously developed methods to estimate mortality for ethnic groups, one of which is using information of the geographical distribution of groups. We found that life expectancies (LE) for many ethnic minorities were below those of the White British. LE for ethnic minorities were related to the degree of deprivation groups experienced and partly counter-acted by the recency of arrival. Over time, the number of second and subsequent generation migrants who still define themselves with their parents' ethnic group has increased. Here we investigate mortality differences between ethnic groups by nativity, to explore further the impact of nativity on health.Methods
We estimated mortality for ethnic groups in E&W by nativity- born in the UK and born abroad- for 18 groups as defined in the census 2011. Mortality rates are estimated using Rees et. al. (2009) geographically weighted method. The derived mortality rates are used in standard abridged lifetable methodology to compute LE.Results
Briefly, variation in LE at birth for women is not very large but the differences between groups are in many instances significant. For LE at birth we find the highest LE for Arab women born abroad with 83.5 years and the lowest in Pakistani women born in the UK (82.2 years). Between women born in the UK, the maximum difference in LE is just over one year, for women born abroad the difference is nearly 1.3 years. In general we observe that the population born abroad has a higher LE at birth compared to the population born in the UK, but only in the White British group this difference is significant.Conclusion
We find a general trend in all ethnic groups that first generation migrants have better health compared to subsequent generations. However, due to small numbers, only 13% of the population in E&W is born abroad, variations are mostly not significant. Even though variation between groups estimated here are small, they are significant. These result iterate the importance to collect actual ethnic mortality data, to allow us to finally research the real variation in ethnic mortality in E&W.White British
White (mutation)
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The material forming the basis of this report was obtained from my records of cases at the Mayo Clinic and my service at Augustana Hospital, Chicago. Of the 712 cases studied, all had been operatively and pathologically proved to be gastric cancer. Doubtful cases were excluded.
Sex.
—The sex ratio was approximately that of gastric ulcer; namely, 483 males and 229 females, or 2.1 to 1.Age.
—While instances were recorded at as low as 20 years, the age of more than three-fourths of the patients ranged between the fifth and the eighth decades.Etiologic Factors.
—A family or blood-relationship history was proved in 9.4 per cent. of cases. A history of trauma was demonstrated in 3.1 per cent. of instances. In 2.2 per cent, the trauma appeared to precipitate symptoms. With respect todefinite symptomatology, it is well to admit here that 1.9 per cent. of cases gave absolutelyGeneral hospital
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Abstract Introduction There are many Western reports on factors influencing coital frequency among men. However, no articles could be found about the factors influencing sexual activity among Chinese men. Aim The aim of this study was to identify the factors that influence the coital frequency of Chinese men. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures included self-reported monthly coital frequency, age, occupation, education level, andrology-related scales and dietary habits. Methods Data for 1,407 men aged 18–79 years were collected in the Health Management Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2019 to May 2019. The respondents completed the questionnaires independently or with the help of an interviewer (who read or explained the questionnaires to them) to analyse the factors that influence coital frequency. Results In the previous 6 months, the sample had a mean monthly coital frequency (±SD) of 4.34 ± 3.18. Univariate logistic regression results indicated that the number of children (P = 0.004), IIEF-5 scores (P <0.001), EHSs (P <0.001) and frequency of milk consumption (P = 0.001) were associated with more frequent sexual activity. These statistical associations did not change after further adjustment for age, occupation, and reproductive history. We observed that the frequency of sexual activity showed an increasing trend with a greater number of children, higher IIEF-5 scores, higher EHSs and greater frequency of milk consumption (test for trend, P<0.05). Both univariate and multivariate analysis results indicated that the frequency of sexual activity decreased with increasing age (test for trend, P<0.001). Conclusion The coital frequency of Chinese men is associated with erectile function, anthropometric parameters, age, occupation, and dietary habits.
Cross-sectional study
Univariate analysis
Univariate
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OBJECTIVE: To study the racial/ethnic differences in ALS mortality using a nationally representative population of United States.
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The recurrence rate of early gastric cancer is low and so second malignancies developing after treatment of this cancer have potential prognostic significance.Some 633 patients with early gastric cancer were studied. The median observation time was 123 months. To examine the characteristics of patients with early gastric cancer and subsequent malignancy, two groups of patients, those with and those without non-gastric malignancy, were compared using univariate analysis with respect to various clinicopathological factors. To determine which parameters were independently significant, computer-based multivariate discriminant function analysis was applied. To estimate the prognostic significance of non-gastric malignancy, death rates from these diseases in patients treated for early gastric cancer were compared with the mortality rates attributable to the same diseases in the general population of Japan.The frequency of other malignancies, 9.6 per cent (61 of 633), was significantly higher than those gastric cancer recurrence rate of 2.4 per cent (15 of 633). After treatment for early gastric cancer patients with subsequent non-gastric malignancy had a significantly poorer outcome than those free from other cancers. Lung cancers were the major neoplasms occurring after the treatment of early gastric cancer. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed male sex to be an independent risk factor for the subsequent development of non-gastric malignancy. Comparison of mortality rates revealed that men with early gastric cancer have a higher risk of death from non-gastric malignancy than the general male population.These results suggest that systemic surveillance is particularly important for male patients after the treatment of early gastric cancer.
Clinical Significance
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