ETHNICITY AND DRINKING IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA: A COMPARISON AMONG WHITES, BLACKS AND HISPANICS
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This research reports the drinking patterns and alcohol problems in three ethnic groups of the U.S. population: Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. Respondents were sampled randomly from the general population of three counties of the San Francisco Bay Area, in northern California. Both Black and Hispanic females have higher rates of abstention than White females, but at the aggregate level male's drinking patterns are similar across ethnic groups. However, among males the patterning of drinking and the prevalence of alcohol problems by age change dramatically according to ethnicity. Among White males drinking and problems decrease abruptly from the twenties to the thirties, as has been traditionally found in the U.S. general population. Among Black males the trend is exactly the opposite of that for Whites, while among Hispanic males there also is a decrease but not quite so large as that for Whites, and the frequency of heavy drinking and problems is always higher than for the other two groups. The types of problem reported by respondents do not vary by ethnicity but the sociodemographic correlates of both number of drinks consumed per month and number of alcohol problems do differ among the ethnic groups. Both Hispanics and Blacks have more liberal attitudes toward alcohol use than Whites. These results suggest that Whites, Blacks and Hispanics each have a characteristic way of using alcoholic beverages. The less restrictive views towards alcohol use in the Black and Hispanic culture, as well as the different patterning of drinking and problems by age, are of importance for prevention: Whites, Blacks and Hispanics have different groups of people at risk for developing alcohol problems and prevention should be planned accordingly.Keywords:
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The adjustment of ethnic identities appears in order to attract more tourists; nonetheless, they still place importance on originally and culturally authentic knowledge of cultures from ethnic tourism activities. Local cuisines, unique homes, ethnicity shown are linked to the images in the past and the rituals related to communities’ beliefs which are the attributes that tourists place priority but they have an opportunity to know under the level of importance. It is a crucial matter which must be paid more attention and solved urgently. Importantly, ethnic tourism has offered originally cultural identities, such as grooming which is able to demonstrate ethnic identities, communication with the simply ethnic language, the expressions of authentic ethnicity, locally raw material used for crafts, and handworks reflecting ethnic identities. All mentioned are attributes that tourists place priority and receive responses in a satisfactory level.
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This paper analyzes the nuptiality of Zhejiang Province, China, using data from the 1982 census and the 1-per-1000-population fertility survey. In 1982, the unmarried population in Zhejiang Province accounted for 29.42% of the population aged 15 and over. Unmarried men made up 34.62% of the male population aged 15 and over, while unmarried women made up 23.81% of the female population aged 15 and over. The urban unmarried population is larger than the rural one. The unmarried population is concentrated in the age group 15-27. In 1982, married people accounted for 62.67% of the population aged 15 and over, with 60.27% of the men and 65.26% of the women being married. The marriage age for men is concentrated in the age group 24-29, while the marriage age for women is concentrated in the age group 21-25. In 1982, the widowed population accounted for 7.17% of the population aged 15 and over (3.85% for men and 10.75% for women). In 1982, the divorced population accounted for .74% of the population aged 15 and over (1.26% for men and .18% for women). Remarried women accounted for 6.17% of the married women in the province.
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While ethnic identity, ethnic relations, ethnic conflict, and immigration are increasingly important factors in national, regional, and international affairs, there are no definitions or criteria consistently applied to delineate ethnic groups in nation worldwide. Thus, in this article, I have examined the concept of ethnic groups and theories of ethnicity concisely, in the hope of promoting discussions of the theories of ethnicity, and popularizing those concepts of ethnic groups and ethnicity.
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Though some anthropologists and ethnologists often discuss the two terms ethnic group and ethnicity,they are not sure about the exact meanings of them.The article discusses ethnic group according to the reality in China.We can use it on three levels.The paper reviews ethnicity and argues that we should connect ethnicity research with social reality.
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The book Ethnic Groups and Their Culture,whose chief editor is Professor Xu Jie-shun,was published by the Heilongjiang People's Publishing House in 2006 and collected the relevant achievements of studies of ethnic groups of the contemporary anthropology researchers.The works provides the latest interpretation of ethnic groups study in the academic circle in China and falls into such sections as special articles,concept of ethnic groups,theory of ethnic groups,identity of ethnic groups,relations of ethnic groups and culture of ethnic groups.
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This document provides a profile of the U.S. population in 1979 in terms of: 1) population, size, growth, and distribution, and 2) the social, economic, and racial characteristics of the population. Trends during the 1970s are also noted. The total estimated population of the U.S. in 1979 was 221,719,000. The population increased by 0.9% in 1979 and this increase was slightly larger than the increase in 1978. The increase was due to a slight increase in immigration and a slightly higher birth rate. The birth rate increased from 15.3/1000 population in 1978 to 15.8/1000 population in 1979. The total fertility rate increased from 1800 to 1840/1000 women of childbearing age from 1978-1979. During the 1970s, the total fertility rate decreased 26% and the fertility rate for both blacks and whites declined. Between 1970-1979 the population under 14 years of age declined by 14%, the population 65 years of age or older increased by 24%, and the cohort of 25-34-year-olds increased by 39%. In 1979, 49% of the women, aged 20-24, were never married. In 1960 the respective proportion was 28%. From 1970-1979, the proportion of children under the age of 18 who lived with a single parent increased from 12% to 19%. 91% lived with their mothers in 1979; however, the proportion of those living with their fathers increased over the past year. During the 1970s nursery school attendance increased 71% and about 85% of all young adults completed 12 years of education. In 1979 college enrollment was higher for women than for men due primarily to the high enrollment of older women. The annual rate of population growth in non-metropolitan areas was 1.18% and in metropolitan areas it was 0.73% during 1970-1978. Central cities experienced an annual decline of 0.4% during the 1970s due primarily to out-migration of whites. Northeast and north central regions experienced out-migration and the southern and western regions experienced in-migration. During the 1970s the labor force grew by 24% while the population of 16-year-olds grew by 18%. In 1979, 42% of the labor force was made up by women and 10% by teenagers. Median family income was $17,640 in 1978. The median income for full time workers was $9640 for women and $16,000 for men. 9% of the whites, 31% of the blacks, and 22% of persons of Spanish origin lived at or below the poverty level in 1978. In 1979 the proportion of blacks and of persons of Spanish origin in the noninstitutionalized civilian population was respectively 11.6% and 5.6%. Numerous tables provide information on the U.S. population for 1970-1979.
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Implementing modern ethnic education will lead t o creation of a culture conforming to the times and with local and ethnic charac teristics.To achieve this goal,ethnic education must combine objective reality a nd general demands of modern education with subjective desires and special deman ds of ethnic students.Ethnic education must serve ethnic development.
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An ethnic identity is reflected through intrinsic and extrinsic traits which also may be associated with other ethnic behaviors. This study investigated ethnic identity as it relates to traditional ethnic dress patterns, and use of ethnic reference persons and ethnic market sources as information on contemporary dress. A sample of 117 students identifying with one of seven ethnic heritages was analyzed as a pooled group with separate analyses for the Chinese and Japanese. Analyses included Spearman rho correlations and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results indicated a relationship between ethnic identity and ethnic dress usage. Individuals with higher ethnic identities used family, ethnics other than family, ethnic fashion magazines, and ethnic fashion shows as sources of information on dress; however, the relationship with ethnic identity and the use of these sources varied according to ethnic heritage.
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Abstract The effect of ethnic threat on adolescents' ethnic self-concept and own-group ratings, and the role of self-esteem and ethnic identity in mediating this effect were examined. Hispanic high school students in the United States received either negative (threat) or neutral information about their ethnic group. Ethnic self-concept and own-group ratings were then assessed. The negative information resulted in lower overall ethnic group ratings, but not in lower ethnic self-concept. Self-esteem was a better predictor of ethnic ratings than ethnic identity was.
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