Decoding of Groundwater Recharge in Deep Aquifers of Foreland Basins Using Stable Isotopes (Δ18o and Δd) And Anion-Cation Analysis: A Case Study in the Southern Llanos Basin, Colombia
Ricardo Andrés Gómez-MoncadaAndrés MoraMarcela JaramilloHenry MayorgaAndrés MartínezMaurício ParraDavis SuárezJorge SandovalJosé SandovalVíctor CaballeroMiguel JiménezRicardo BuenoJoel E. Saylor
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The topographic and structural configuration of the deformation front in foreland basins has implications in the process of hydrologic recharge of deep aquifer systems. Deep aquifer systems are favored when tectonic deformation has exhumed aquifer units to the surface, creating a connection between the surface and subsurface. The indirect water recharge processes established by this connection allows meteoric water to infiltrate and travel long distances through a basin. Therefore, establishing recharge zones and determining the influence of meteoric waters in deep aquifers represents a challenge to understand the dynamics and hydraulic potential of this type of system. This study presents new oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data from 162 samples of surface water and 109 samples from groundwater. Groundwater samples were taken from deep wells (700 m to 4000 m deep) that penetrated the aquifer units that make up the Basal Flow Unit present in the southern Llanos basin in Colombia. In addition, anion and cation analysis (HCO3, CO3, SO4, Cl, Na, K, Ca, Mg) was performed on 67 surface water samples and 93 groundwater samples from wells to evaluate their composition and existing relationship with the recharge areas. We use this data to establish the isotopic behavior of the Andean Foreland in Colombia and predict the altitude ranges of the recharge zones for a deep regional aquifer that extends along the southern Llanos basin in Colombia.Keywords:
δ18O
Isotope Analysis
This article is mainly based on the Sanjiang plain Naoli river Basin groundwater to study.Firstly,Naoli river basin is divided into 4 areas,according to its geological lithology,water level variation belt,topography,administrative units and so on,and gives calculation method of Naoli river basin groundwater recharge volume and discharge volume,then using this method to calculate the recharge volume and discharge volume of Naoli river basin groundwater,finally,this paper carries out the Naoli river basin groundwater balance analysis.
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This PhD thesis investigates the application of isotope techniques in groundwater aquifers, with the main focus on systematic variations of the Strontium (Sr) isotopes and chemical composition including fractionation patterns of rare earth elements (REE).
This thesis is subdivided into five chapters. After the introduction, in the second chapter (chapter 2), an attempt is made to assess the efficiency of the Aquifer Storage and Recovery Project (ASR) by using isotope tracers, such as strontium and stable isotope and to prove the suitability of natural tracers to follow up the artificial recharge process. The results showed that the change in 87Sr/86Sr ratios could be observed during an artificial recharge due to the different isotopic fingerprint of surface water and groundwater. However, the flow direction of the injected water cannot be clearly interpreted because of the limited number of monitoring wells, small distance between each monitoring well and the short duration of injection. In chapter 3, the investigation of variations of the isotopic and chemical composition as well as fractionation patterns of rare earth elements (REE) of three different aquifers at Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory has been carried out over five years. The aims of this study are to identify the possible end-members of groundwater composition and to increase understanding about groundwater evolution of paleo-groundwater in this area as well as the effect of tunnel building on internal mixing of groundwater and chemical change. The Sr-data and REE patterns show especially the long-term groundwater-rock interaction and δ18O values indicate the presence of glacial meltwater in the deep aquifer. Significant chemical changes caused by internal mixing processes or present microbial activity were not observed during the five years of investigation. In chapter 4, we make an effort to clarify the hydrochemical behavior of the CO2-rich groundwaters and identify possible sources of their CO2 in Southern Thailand by analyses of major elements, REE and isotopic composition (3H, δ13C, 87Sr/86Sr). The results show that these CO2-rich groundwaters are characterized by high contents of HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Sr2+ and Ba2+. Upper continental crust (UCC) normalized REE patterns show a slight heavy REE (HREE) enrichment with high positive Eu anomalies and they show a specific high 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.726, The 3H amount indicates that
IV
CO2-rich groundwaters are submodern groundwater, which were recharged before 1950s; whereas non-CO2-rich groundwaters in the same area show higher amount of 3H (1.50-1.57 TU), which indicates mixing of submodern and modern groundwater. While the δ13C values indicate a deep seated mantel source for CO2. In the future, the attempt is made to combine isotope techniques and modeling techniques together to optimize isotope data as a powerful forecasting tool for a better groundwater management.
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New and previously published data sets including stable and radiogenic isotope measurements (18O, 2H, 3H, 13C and 14C) were used to investigate, conceptualize and compare groundwater hydrodynamics within three major multilayer aquifer systems located in central and southern Tunisia. It has been demonstrated that the investigated aquifer systems contain modern and palaeoclimatic waters. Modern groundwaters, which refer to contemporaneous and post-nuclear recharge waters, are characterized by enriched stable isotope contents, high carbon-14 activities and high to moderate tritium concentration. While palaeoclimatic groundwaters, which refer to Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene recharge waters, are distinguished by their depleted stable isotope contents, low carbon-14 activities and insignificant tritium concentrations. Established conceptual models have elucidated the groundwater hydrodynamics within the studied aquifer systems. They show that groundwater mixing occurs between end-members from the shallow and deep aquifers that migrate by downward and upward leakage towards the intermediate aquifer.Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor S. FayeCitation Dassi, L. and Tarki, M., 2014. Isotopic tracing for conceptual models of groundwater hydrodynamics in multilayer aquifer systems of central and southern Tunisia. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (6), 1240–1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.892206
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In 2015 and 2016, groundwater samples were collected in Hanoi to analyse the isotopic composition (δ2H, δ18O and 3H) and elucidate the relationship between groundwater and surface water, as well as the origin of the groundwater. The values for δ18O and δ2H indicate that the groundwater originated from evaporated meteoric water and the isotope enrichment is due to the evaporation of shallow groundwater. Evaporation is the primary process affecting stable isotope signatures. Water samples collected from both Holocene and Pleistocene aquifers are more depleted in the heavy isotopes 18O and 2H than the rainfall in the area. This indicates that part of the groundwater is paleo-groundwater or may be caused by the altitude effect due to recharge at a higher elevation. The results also show the close interaction between two granular aquifers and the Red River. Furthermore, the contribution of modern groundwater could be observed by the appearance of tritium in both aquifers. The presence of tritium indicates that originally tritium-free groundwater from the margins of the basin has been diluted by young water. The results of this study might help managers to evaluate the origin and reserves of groundwater more accurately.
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Water resources are the most critical factors to ecology and society in arid basins, such as Kaidu River basin. Isotope technique was convenient to trace this process and reveal the influence from the environment. In this paper, we try to investigate the temporal and spatial characteristics in stable isotope (18O and 2H) of surface water and groundwater in Kaidu River. Through the water stable isotope composition measurement, spatial and temporal characteristics of deuterium (δ2H) and oxygen 18 (δ18O) were analysed. It is revealed that (1) comparing the stream water line with the groundwater line and local meteorological water line of Urumqi City, it is found that the contribution of precipitation to surface water in stream runoff is the main source, whereas the surface water is the main source of groundwater. Groundwater is mainly drainage of surface runoff in the river; (2) in the main stream of Kaidu River, the spatial variability of river water showed a 'heavier-lighter-heavier' change along with the main stream for δ18O, and temporal variability showed higher in summer and lower in winter; (3) the δ18O and δ2H values of groundwater samples ranged from −11.36 to −7.97‰ and −73.45 to −60.05‰, respectively. There is an increasing trend of isotopic values along the groundwater flow path. The seasonal fluctuation of δ18O is not clear in most samples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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The effect of different recharge sources on the chemical evolution of an urban aquifer, Behbahan plain, southwest of Iran, has been studied using hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes (18O and 2H). Groundwater samples were collected from 40 water wells in June 2017 and April 2018 as the dry and wet periods, respectively. The water samples were analyzed for the determination of major ions, nitrate, fluoride, and bromide for both periods and stable isotopes concentrations only for the dry period. The hydrochemical maps was investigated to determine anomalous groundwater zones associated with urban sources of groundwater pollution. Characteristic bivariate composition diagrams and cluster analysis (CA) method were employed to identify the hydrochemical processes and to evaluate the recharge sources. Two major water types Ca-SO4 and Ca(Na)-SO4(Cl) were present in the Behbahan groundwater plain. The dominant hydrogeochemaical processes in the aquifer were the dissolution of gypsum and somewhat halite, dedolomitization, scant normal and reverse cation exchange, and mixing. The main sources of the nitrate pollution of groundwater were leaching of organic manure applied to cultivated areas as well as wastewater of Behbahan City. Five distinct recharge sources were recognized for the Behbahan aquifers based on the characteristics of 2H and 18O isotopes.
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Depression-focused recharge
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This PhD thesis investigates the application of isotope techniques in groundwater aquifers, with the main focus on systematic variations of the Strontium (Sr) isotopes and chemical composition including fractionation patterns of rare earth elements (REE). This thesis is subdivided into five chapters. After the introduction, in the second chapter (chapter 2), an attempt is made to assess the efficiency of the Aquifer Storage and Recovery Project (ASR) by using isotope tracers, such as strontium and stable isotope and to prove the suitability of natural tracers to follow up the artificial recharge process. The results showed that the change in 87Sr/86Sr ratios could be observed during an artificial recharge due to the different isotopic fingerprint of surface water and groundwater. However, the flow direction of the injected water cannot be clearly interpreted because of the limited number of monitoring wells, small distance between each monitoring well and the short duration of injection. In chapter 3, the investigation of variations of the isotopic and chemical composition as well as fractionation patterns of rare earth elements (REE) of three different aquifers at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory has been carried out over five years. The aims of this study are to identify the possible end-members of groundwater composition and to increase understanding about groundwater evolution of paleo-groundwater in this area as well as the effect of tunnel building on internal mixing of groundwater and chemical change. The Sr-data and REE patterns show especially the long-term groundwater-rock interaction and δ18O values indicate the presence of glacial meltwater in the deep aquifer. Significant chemical changes caused by internal mixing processes or present microbial activity were not observed during the five years of investigation. In chapter 4, we make an effort to clarify the hydrochemical behavior of the CO2-rich groundwaters and identify possible sources of their CO2 in Southern Thailand by analyses of major elements, REE and isotopic composition (3H, δ13C, 87Sr/86Sr). The results show that these CO2-rich groundwaters are characterized by high contents of HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Sr2+ and Ba2+. Upper continental crust (UCC) normalized REE patterns show a slight heavy REE (HREE) enrichment with high positive Eu anomalies and they show a specific high 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.726, The 3H amount indicates that IV CO2-rich groundwaters are submodern groundwater, which were recharged before 1950s; whereas non-CO2-rich groundwaters in the same area show higher amount of 3H (1.50-1.57 TU), which indicates mixing of submodern and modern groundwater. While the δ13C values indicate a deep seated mantel source for CO2. In the future, the attempt is made to combine isotope techniques and modeling techniques together to optimize isotope data as a powerful forecasting tool for a better groundwater management.
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Isotopic signature
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Groundwater catchment boundaries and their associated groundwater catchment areas are typically assumed to be fixed on a seasonal basis. We investigated whether this was true for a highly permeable carbonate aquifer in England, the Berkshire and Marlborough Downs Chalk aquifer, using both borehole hydrograph data and a physics-based distributed regional groundwater model. Borehole hydrograph data time series were used to construct a monthly interpolated water table surface, from which was then derived a monthly groundwater catchment boundary. Results from field data showed that the mean annual variation in groundwater catchment area was about 20% of the mean groundwater catchment area, but interannual variation can be very large, with the largest estimated catchment size being approximately 80% greater than the smallest. The flow in the river was also dependent on the groundwater catchment area. Model results corroborated those based on field data. These findings have significant implications for issues such as definition of source protection zones, recharge estimates based on water balance calculations and integrated conceptual modelling of surface water and groundwater systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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