Hydrochemistry and Stable Isotopes Characteristics of Groundwater in an Urban Aquifer, Southwest of Iran
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The effect of different recharge sources on the chemical evolution of an urban aquifer, Behbahan plain, southwest of Iran, has been studied using hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes (18O and 2H). Groundwater samples were collected from 40 water wells in June 2017 and April 2018 as the dry and wet periods, respectively. The water samples were analyzed for the determination of major ions, nitrate, fluoride, and bromide for both periods and stable isotopes concentrations only for the dry period. The hydrochemical maps was investigated to determine anomalous groundwater zones associated with urban sources of groundwater pollution. Characteristic bivariate composition diagrams and cluster analysis (CA) method were employed to identify the hydrochemical processes and to evaluate the recharge sources. Two major water types Ca-SO4 and Ca(Na)-SO4(Cl) were present in the Behbahan groundwater plain. The dominant hydrogeochemaical processes in the aquifer were the dissolution of gypsum and somewhat halite, dedolomitization, scant normal and reverse cation exchange, and mixing. The main sources of the nitrate pollution of groundwater were leaching of organic manure applied to cultivated areas as well as wastewater of Behbahan City. Five distinct recharge sources were recognized for the Behbahan aquifers based on the characteristics of 2H and 18O isotopes.Keywords:
Environmental isotopes
Halite
δ18O
In this study, the hydrogeological characterization of the northern sector of the Lauria Mounts carbonate hydrostructure (southern Apennines, Basilicata region) has been carried out and the hydrochemical properties of different collected groundwater samples have been characterized. Several normal springs drain the hydrostructure, some of them characterized by high annual mean discharges. Groundwater samples were collected from different springs; many parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids have been measured, and major (cations and anions) elements and stable isotopes have been analysed following standard test procedures. Other chemical characteristics were derived from the analysed quality parameters. The results elucidate that the main hydrogeochemical processes control the chemical content and assess the quality of the groundwater within the hydrostructure. The analyses highlight that the chemical compositions of groundwater are strongly influenced by the lithology, especially limestones and dolomitic limestones; they explain and confirm the hydrogeological setting of the system. The groundwater system displays light different geochemical signatures. The processes contributing to the concentrations of major ions depend primarily on carbonate dissolution. The analysis, in all studied groundwater samples, shows that the facies groundwater type is Ca–HCO 3 , bicarbonate is the dominant anion, and calcium is the dominant cation with appreciable magnesium concentrations. To identify the aquifer’s recharge areas, the environmental stable isotopes oxygen and hydrogen, deuterium, and 18 O were analysed. The unaltered δ 18 O and δ D signatures for the groundwater of the major springs allows identifying the recharge area of these emergencies at elevations ranging from 900 m to 1000 m (a.s.l.), pointing out the presence of deeper flow regime feeding of these springs. The groundwater sample isotopic characteristics of D and 18 O suggest that most of the groundwater is recharged directly by infiltration in a high-permeability medium.
Lithology
δ18O
Carbonate minerals
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Groundwater is a critical water resource for human survival and economic development in arid and semi-arid areas. It is crucial to understand the groundwater circulation and hydrochemical evolution for sustainable management and utilization of groundwater resources in those areas. To this end, an investigation of the hydrochemical characteristics of surface water and groundwater was conducted in Nomhon, an arid area located in the Qaidam Basin, northwest China, by using hydrochemical (major and trace elements) and stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) approaches. Stable isotopes and ion ratios were analyzed to determine the recharge sources, hydrochemistry characteristics, and major hydrogeochemical processes. Meanwhile, inverse geochemistry modeling was applied to quantitatively determine the mass transfer of hydrogeochemical processes. The results showed that groundwater in the study area is mainly recharged by atmospheric precipitation in mountainous areas, and the groundwater in the center of basin might originate from ancient water in cold and humid environments. Along the groundwater flow path, the TDS of groundwater increased gradually from fresh to salty (ranging from 462.50 to 19,604.40 mg/L), and the hydrochemical type changed from Cl·HCO3–Na·Mg·Ca to Cl–Na. Groundwater chemical composition and mass balance modeling results indicated that from alluvial fan to lacustrine plain, the main hydrogeochemical processes changed from the dissolution of halite and albite and the precipitation of dolomite and kaolinite to the dissolution of halite and gypsum, precipitation of calcite, redox (SO42− reduction), and cation exchange. This study would be helpful for water resources management in this area and other similar areas.
Halite
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Environmental isotopes
Silicate minerals
Lithology
δ18O
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Carbonate minerals
Environmental isotopes
Total dissolved solids
δ18O
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Analyses of hydrochemical and stable isotopes of deuterium and oxygen-18 were conducted on groundwater samples that tap into a limestone aquifer in Beirut city and its suburbs. The analyses document the chemical and isotopic characteristics of the natural groundwater and establish its origin. Hydrochemical data are classified on the basis of dominant anions. Mineral groundwater quality was found to be affected by different pollution sources in the southern suburb of Beirut. Isotopic analyses delineate two major groundwater groupings. The first is influenced by direct recharge into the aquifer from precipitation. The second, showing elevated mineral characteristics, is influenced by a secondary evaporation process that results in isotopic enrichment of groundwater. Investigation of the isotopically enriched d15N samples shows the origin of nitrate pollution to be from infiltration of either animal waste or septic systems to groundwater.
Groundwater Pollution
Infiltration (HVAC)
Environmental isotopes
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Pollution-induced water shortage problems have severely hindered the economic development of Kashi Prefecture in Xinjiang. In order to study the chemical characteristics and main ion sources of groundwater in the Kashgar River Delta of Western Kashi Prefecture, 402 groundwater samples and 114 groundwater hydrogen and oxygen isotope samples were collected and tested in June to October 2016. Based on the methods of mathematical statistics, Gibbs diagram, ion ratio, Schoeller diagram, and hydrogeochemical simulation, the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the groundwater were analyzed, and the hydrochemical evolution law and the main ion sources were discussed. The following results were noted. ①SO42- was the main anion in the groundwater, followed by Cl-. Na+ was the main cation, and the groundwater was mainly SO4·Cl-Na type. ②The groundwater ion components were controlled by dissolution of rocks and evaporation. The groundwater ions were mainly derived from the dissolution of evaporites, followed by the dissolution of carbonates. Unconfined groundwater in the river alluvium plain was affected by evaporation, and the confined groundwater was affected by reverse cation exchange and mixing. ③Along the groundwater flow direction, the concentration of ion components in the groundwater increased. Halite, dolomite, and gypsum were dissolved, and calcite was precipitated.
Halite
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Hydrochemical monitoring data of about 20 years and chemical analyses of groundwater samples collected in 2002 and 2003 in Beihai are analyzed and classified with methods of hydrochemical diagrams and Q-cluster analysis.The results show that groundwater in the northern part of the study area is mainly of Ca·Na-HCO3 type and the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater exhibit the effects of infiltration and dissolution of precipitation.Groundwater in the southern area is mainly of Na-Cl or Na·Ca-Cl type and the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater follow a forward-hydrochemical evolution.Under natural conditions the ground-water in Beihai is characterized by low total dissolved solids(TDS)and low pH.The low TDS of groundwater is attributed to low TDS of rainwater,low contents of soluble salts in the aquifer media,quick water circulation and a long term of dissolution of the groundwater system.
Rainwater Harvesting
Infiltration (HVAC)
Total dissolved solids
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The hydrochemistry and quality of local shallow groundwater was assessed within the Xinzhou basin in Shanxi, North China. Piper diagrams, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, chloro-alkaline indices, ion proportion diagrams, and Gibbs diagrams were used to reveal the hydrochemical characteristics and evolution mechanisms of groundwater. Besides, two indicators of sodium adsorption ratio and soluble sodium percentage, USSL and Wilcox diagrams, and water quality index models were used to evaluate the groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking. In general, groundwater in most areas of the basin is fresh water with total dissolved solid lower than 1000 mg/L. But there are salt water in some parts of the southern basin, with total dissolved solid higher than 1000 mg/L, due to industrial and domestic pollution. The hydrochemical facies of groundwater in most areas are HCO3-Ca and mixed HCO3-Ca·Mg·Na types, while it is HCO3·SO4·Cl-Na type in a small part of the basin. Nitrate pollution widely occurred in the basin because of the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. The dominant mechanism controlling the evolution of groundwater chemistry compositions was the weathering of rock minerals. It mainly reflected in the dissolution of carbonate minerals. And the carbonate dissolution is the major origins of HCO3−, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in groundwater. However, Na-Ca exchange is the important source of Na+. Shallow groundwater was suitable for irrigation and drinking except for some southern parts of the basin. These results will be helpful for the protection and efficient management of groundwater in the Xinzhou basin.
Sodium adsorption ratio
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Groundwater is undoubtedly important for water supplies and eco-environment protection, especially for arid and semi-arid regions. Analyzing the characteristics and evolution of groundwater is significant for the rational management of groundwater resources. This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolutions of groundwater in the Delingha area, northeast of the Qaidam Basin, northwest China, with a total of 123 water samples, including 105 unconfined groundwater samples, 12 confined groundwater samples, and 6 surface water samples. Hydrochemical results showed that the unconfined and confined groundwater presented diversity in ion concentration. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of the unconfined groundwater increased from 146.5 to 8954 mg/L along the groundwater flow direction. The groundwater hydrochemical types were HCO3-Ca·Mg and HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg in the mountain front area, SO4·HCO3-Ca·Mg and SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg types in the alluvial-lacustrine plain, and Cl·SO4-Na and Cl-Na types in the lacustrine plain. The saturation index showed that parts of the groundwater samples were supersaturated with carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite); however, all the samples were undersaturated with evaporite minerals (halite and gypsum). Groundwater chemical evolution is mainly controlled by evaporite and carbonate mineral dissolutions, aluminosilicates weathering, and cation exchange.
Halite
Carbonate minerals
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