Internal Governance Structure of “Double First-class” Universities in China
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Universities in China have been implementing large-scale higher education reform to construct a modern university system with Chinese characteristics. The present study explores the relationships of political, administrative, and academic power based on data analysis of China’s first batch of “double first-class” universities. Internal governance structure reform has achieved good results to adapt to the scale expanding. Chinese universities need to legalize governance structures, promote the autonomous operation of universities and the democratization of governance policies, and pursue the de-administration of their academic affairs and regulate their academic power in the system.Keywords:
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This article analyses Zimbabwe’s existing governance politics, specifically focusing on the politics of policy making. We argue that the existing form of governance politics in Zimbabwe is characterised by the vertical modality of rule whereby policies are crafted unilaterally at the apex of the party state with little or no input from affected stakeholders – including ordinary citizens - and then fed to citizens who are therefore treated as dispensable policy takers. We further argue that the current forms of politics and policymaking are similarly exclusionary in nature, relying on centralised governance approaches where the central government and the ruling party unilaterally make governance decisions and formulate policy without consulting citizens and other key stakeholders. Finally, we propose the adoption of a ‘distributed problem-solving model’ which acknowledges and prioritises the unique needs and interests of different social groups in governance and policy making.
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Architects in Power: Politics and Ideology in the Work of Ernst May and Albert Speer This article has a twofold purpose. First, by comparing some aspects of the lives and works of Ernst May and Albert Speer, it illuminates the special experience of architects in power in the twentieth century. Throughout history, architects have had a greater need for wealthy patrons than have other artists because of the great expense of buildings. And government buildings, because of their size and visibility, have always been the most attractive of commissions. Thus, architects have always been involved to some extent in politics, and have nearly always sought positions of power and influence. But never before the twentieth century, when the scale of government building has often transformed architecture into planning, and the relative democratization of politics has vastly increased the size of the audience, has the need for power among architects been so great. Both May and Speer held positions of authority which enabled them to make decisions as planners and as architects. Both were strongly supported by powerful patrons, but both also had to deal with the realities of politics and public opinion in a democratic, or at least a populist, era. I have written before about the work of both men, but have never attempted a direct comparison in order to examine the phenomenon of the architect in power.1 A second purpose is methodological. In the process of explaining the goals of their work to their patrons and to the public, May and Speer often made statements which were not entirely true. They described themselves as creators of an architecture
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Research & Occasional Paper Series: CSHE.3.16 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY http://cshe.berkeley.edu/ DEMOCRATIZATION AND MASSIFICATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN TURKEY AND CHALLENGES AHEAD February 2016 Bekir S. Gur Yildirim Beyazit University – Ankara Copyright 2016 Bekir S. Gur, all rights reserved. ABSTRACT The imbalance between supply and demand of higher education has always been the greatest challenge for Turkey. To overcome this challenge, Turkey beginning in 2006 established new public universities, mostly in less developed provinces. Now one in two fresh high school graduates is being admitted to a higher education program. Yet, the rapid growth of higher education triggered debates about the quality of education. Based on an analysis of available statistics and reports, this essay analyzes this process of massification in Turkey, including a brief synopsis of its higher education system at the beginning of the new millennium, and then the rapid expansion after 2006. It then discusses four major challenges waiting to be addressed in this nation of some 80 million. First, there is still significant unmet demand for higher education in Turkey and there is no clear strategy on how to meet with the increasing demand in the coming years. Second, there is a substantial shortage as well as regional imbalance of quality faculty. Third, the governance structure of higher education system has been poor; the system is considered as too centralized, highly rigid, and out-of-date. Fourth, as Turkey abolished tuition fees at public universities since 2013, it needs to develop a sustainable financial model. Keywords: Massification, Turkish Higher Education, Democratization of Access, Board of Higher Education of Turkey. Throughout the 20 th and early 21 st centuries, the massification of higher education has posed major challenges to national governments in both developing and developed countries. Massification involves greater social mobility for more population, new modes of funding, diversification of higher education systems, and generally a lowering of academic standards as well as higher rates of failure and dropouts (Altbach, 2007; Altbach, Reisberg, & Rumbley, 2009; Blanden & Machin, 2004). Although the processes accompanying massification are similar in many countries, the policy challenges are often of a different character, shaped by political culture, the history of higher education institutions, and by demography and geography (Theisens, 2004). For example, while many countries have introduced and often increased tuition, in 2012 Turkey abolished tuition for its public universities after it has rapidly expanded its higher education system (Ozoglu, Gur, & Gumus, 2015). That is why it is valuable to contextualize the experiences of each country. Imbalance between supply and demand of higher education has always been the greatest challenge for Turkey. The relatively young population and the rapid rise in secondary education enrollments have placed immense pressure on the higher education system in Turkey (Celik & Gur, 2013). In order to increase access, Turkey heavily invested in higher education and expanded the system rapidly during the last decade. This essay analyzes this process of massification in Turkey, including a brief synopsis of its higher education system at the beginning of the new millennium, and then the rapid expansion after 2006. It then discusses four major challenges waiting to be addressed in this nation of some 80 million. This paper is based on an analysis of available statistics and reports—such as, Bekir S. Gur, PhD, is currently an assistant professor at Yildirim Beyazit University in Ankara, Turkey. He is now also an adviser to the Minister of National Education of Turkey. He was a visiting scholar at the Center for Studies in Higher Education at the University of California, Berkeley, in the United States from 2014 to 2015. Previously, he directed educational policy research at SETA Foundation, an Ankara based think-tank, and worked as an adviser to the Turkish Board of Higher Education (YOK). He can be reached at bsgur@ybu.edu.tr.
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Abstract This essay discusses future research directions for public administration scholars attracted to the intersection of citizens, public agencies, and politics. The conclusion provides summary recommendations for studying representational capacity of public organizations, political networks, and democratization of performance management. Keywords: performance managementpolitical networksrepresentation
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Mei Yi-qi was one of the important educators in the history of mordern higher education in China. During his 18-year term as President of Tinghua University, he carried out the policy of professorial governance,which called on the professors to take part in university construction and management. This institution was favorable for the development of university. The essence of professorial governance is the mode of democratic management,which highlighted academic freedom and brought the initiative of the professors into full play. A deep understanding of professorial governance will contribute to the reform in higher education.
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The Nigerian military has been engaged in a program of transition to democratic rule since 1985. The country’s military rulers developed “transition politics” into a strategy of transitions without end, a ruse to prevent democratization. Hopefully, Nigeria is now at the crossroads. One of the most important issues posed in the transition has been the ethnoregional one: Would entrenched ethnoregional forces allow political power to shift from the North to the South? It is not a new question in Nigerian transition politics. Two broad issues surface when ethnoregional domination emerges as a political issue in Nigeria: control of political power and its instruments, such as the armed forces and the judiciary; and control of economic power and resources.
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With the deepening of China's higher education system reform,democracy construction of university's internal governance organization has become one of the focuses of higher education's reform,which is also the inevitable requirement of constructing the modern university with Chinese characteristics.However,there are various problems in current university's internal governance organization,namely,conflicts between political power and administrative power,imbalance of administrative power and academic power,lack of powerful supervision and constraint mechanism,etc.Therefore,this paper puts forward to further improve the relevant laws and regulations of the democratic construction of university's internal governance organization,reform the democratic supervision mechanism,rationalize the relationship between academic power and administrative power,standardize operation of power,with an aim of accelerating the democratization of university's internal governance organization.
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As a typical academic institution, power in university is formed due to operation of profound knowledge. With the development of society, the institution in university tends to be bureaucracy. From the analysis of the mode of power, to accurately understand and to reasonably dispose the relationship between university and government, the distribution and balance of administrative authority and academic authority in university is an urgent problem to solve in the systems of China’s university. Self-administration should be authorized to the universities, the limitation and balance of the administrative power should be taken, the guarantee in organization and material should be endowed to construct the modern system in China’s universities.
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