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Keywords:
Paecilomyces
Penicillium citrinum
ดอกงวแหงเปนองคประกอบทสำคญในการปรงอาหาร เชน ขนมจนนำเงยว แกงแค ซงเปนอาหารพนบานทางภาคเหนอ แตปญหาทสำคญคอดอกงวแหงททำการเกบรกษาไวเปนเวลานานจะมเชอราเกดขน สงผลทำใหเกดการปนเปอนในอาหารและไมปลอดภยตอผบรโภค ดงนนจงมวตถประสงคเพอศกษาผลของนำมนหอมระเหยตอการยบยงการเจรญของเชอราในดอกงวแหง โดยทำการแยกเชอราทพบมากในดอกงวแหง 3 ชนด คอ Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus flavus และ Penicilium critinum และทำการทดสอบการยบยงการเจรญของเชอราในระดบหองปฏบตการโดยวธการรมไอระเหยของนำมนหอมระเหยโหระพา อบเชย และยคาลปตส ทระดบความเขมขน 5 ระดบ คอ 0, 10, 50, 100 และ 200 ไมโครลตร (ตอจานทดลองขนาดเสนผานศนยกลาง 9 เซนตเมตร) พบวา นำมนหอมระเหยโหระพาทระดบความเขมขน 50 ไมโครลตร ขนไป สามารถยบยงการเจรญของเชอรา A . niger และ A . flavus ได 100 เปอรเซนต รองลงมาเปนนำมนหอมระเหยยคาลปตส โดยทระดบความเขมขน 100 ไมโครลตร ขนไปสามารถยบยงการเจรญของเชอรา A . niger และ A . flavus ได 100 เปอรเซนต และนำมนหอมระเหยอบเชยทระดบความเขมขน 200 ไมโครลตร ใหผลในการยบยงการเจรญของเชอรา A . nige r และ A . flavus ไดนอยทสด โดยสามารถยบยงไดเพยง 63.34 และ 31.09 เปอรเซนต สำหรบการยบยงการเจรญของเชอรา P . citrinum พบวา นำมนหอมระเหยโหระพา อบเชย และยคาลปตส ทระดบความเขมขน 200 ไมโครลตร สามารถยบยงการเจรญเชอราได 80.32, 67.14 และ 64.76 เปอรเซนต ตามลำดบ
Aspergillus niger
Penicillium citrinum
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ABSTRACT In this article, in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of clove oil to inactivate Aspergillus flavus , Penicillium citrinum and Rhizopus nigricans were investigated. The result showed that eugenol (approximately 83.02%) is the main constituent of clove oil. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of clove oil against A. flavus , P. citrinum and R. nigricans were 25, 25 and 50 µL/mL, respectively. In an in vitro experiment, the results revealed that clove oil possessed stronger antifungal activities against A. flavus and P. citrinum than against R. nigricans , and the antifungal activity improved with increasing its concentration. In an in vivo study, clove oil treatments significantly reduced fungal decay, and clove oil at a concentration of 3.0% showed complete control of A. flavus and P. citrinum in wound‐inoculated fruit. These results indicated that clove oil has a good potential to be a natural antifungal agent for fruit applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Postharvest decay caused by fungi is the major cause of rapid deterioration of fruits, which affects the quality and shortens the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. The major problems for the application of chemical preservatives are the increasing resistance to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics and health risk concerns. So, most consumers demand less use of synthetic additives to ensure food safety. There is a growing need to develop alternative approaches, such as the application of essential oils, for controlling postharvest diseases.
Penicillium citrinum
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Penicillium citrinum
Aspergillus ochraceus
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Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey Words: Paecilomyces lilacinusmycoparasitismsclerotiaAspergillus flavus
Paecilomyces
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Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate the antifungal activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Persian shallot ( Allium hirtifolium Boiss) combined with potassium sorbate against Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum . Chemical analysis of the extracts was conducted using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antifungal activity was assessed using agar well diffusion, mycelial growth inhibition, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) methods. The main component of the extracts were methyl methylthiomethyl disulfide and 1‐Butene, 1‐(methylthio)‐(Z). Both extracts completely inhibited the mycelial growth of A flavus . MIC value of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Persian shallot against A flavus was 10 and 5 mg/mL, respectively. MIC value of both extracts against P citrinum was 2.5 mg/mL. Synergistic antifungal activity (FICi = 0.5) was found between aqueous extract of Persian shallot and potassium sorbate against A flavus . In conclusion, aqueous extract of Persian shallot has the potential to be used as an adjunct natural antifungal to reduce the concentration of potassium sorbate in foods.
Penicillium citrinum
Potassium sorbate
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Penicillium citrinum
Aspergillus niger
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Penicillium citrinum and related species have been examined using a combination of partial β-tubulin, calmodulin and ITS sequence data, extrolite patterns and phenotypic characters. It is concluded that seven species belong to the series Citrina. Penicillium sizovae and Penicillium steckii are related to P. citrinum, P. gorlenkoanum is revived, Penicillium hetheringtoniisp. nov. and Penicillium tropicoidessp. nov. are described here as new species, and the combination Penicillium tropicum is proposed. Penicillium hetheringtonii is closely related to P. citrinum and differs in having slightly broader stipes, metulae in verticils of four or more and the production of an uncharacterized metabolite, tentatively named PR1-x. Penicillium tropicoides resembles P. tropicum, but differs in the slow maturation of the cleistothecia, slower growth at 30°C and the production of isochromantoxins. The type strain of P. hetheringtonii is CBS 122392T (=IBT 29057T) and the type strain of P. tropicoides is CBS 122410T (=IBT 29043T).
Penicillium citrinum
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Biocontrol of pathogens, the total or partial destruction of pathogen populations by other organisms, is important to the sustainable agriculture. Soil microorganisms capable of utilizing vegetable tissues for multiplication were isolated and their vegetable liquid cultures were tested for ability of control black leaf spot of mustard cabbage caused by Alternaria brassicicola. A total of 69 actinomycetes, 101 bacteria and 71 fungi were isolated and tested. Among them 1 bacterium and 5 fungi were able to reduce the disease incidence and lesion size of black leaf spot. The liquid cultures of V3F-3 and V5F-13 were inhibitory to conidial germination of A. brassicicola Aba-31. These 2 fungi were identified as Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus flavus by morphological and molecular methods. Inhibitory substances in the freeze dried powder of liquid cultures of V3F-3 and V5F-13 were most efficiently extracted with methanol and 50% ethanol extract, respectively. The inhibitory substance in P. citrinum V3F-3 culture was fungicidal, and it was completely adsorbed by activated charcoal. The inhibitory substance in A. flavus V5F-13 culture was semi-fungicidal fungicidal, and it was partly adsorbed by activated charcoal. Both inhibitory substances did not have charges on their molecules, and were very stable under high or low pH value. The extracts of P. citrinum V3F-3 and A. flavus V5F-13 were most active at pH 3-4 and pH 3-6, respectively.
Penicillium citrinum
Spore germination
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With an initial microbial level of ca. 10/sup 7/ microorganisms per g of Ivory Coast cacao beans, 5 kGy of gamma radiation from a Co/sup 60/ source under an atmosphere of air reduced the microflora per g by 2.49 and 3.03 logs at temperatures of 35 and 50/sup 0/C, respectively. Bahia cacao beans were artificially contaminated with dried spores of Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum, giving initial fungal levels of 1.9 x 10/sup 4/ and 1.4 x 10/sup 3/ spores per g of whole Bahia cacao beans, respectively. The average D/sub 10/ values for A. flavus and P. citrinum spores on Bahia cacao beans were 0.66 and 0.88 kGy, respectively. 12 references.
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This work was conducted to evaluate the ability of grape molding fungus; Penicillium citrinum to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The potency of biosynthesized Ag NPs was checked against the aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus var. columnaris, isolated from sorghum grains. Biosynthesized Ag NPs were characterized and confirmed in different ways. X ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and optical absorption measurements confirmed the bio-synthesis of Ag NPs. The in vitro antifungal investigation showed that biosynthesized Ag NPs were capable of inhibiting the growth of aflatoxigenic A. flavus var. columnaris. Utilization of plant pathogenic fungi in the Ag NPs biosynthesis as well as the use of bio-Ag NPs to control fungal plant diseases instead of chemicals is promising. Further work is needed to confirm the efficacy of the bio-Ag NPs against different mycotoxigenic fungi and to determine the potent applicable doses.
Penicillium citrinum
Silver nanoparticle
Aspergillus niger
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