Ethnopolitics to geopolitics: the Turkish State and the Kurdish question since 2015
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Reviewing the Turkish state’s engagement with the Kurdish question since 2015, I argue that while the Turkish state tackled with the Kurdish question mainly through ethnopolitics, it now tackles with it mainly through geopolitics. Documenting the Turkish state’s recent engagement with the Kurdish question by means of such new instruments as non-temporary control over non-Turkish territories populated or neighboured by Kurds, replacing the functions of the states of Syria and Iraq on their Kurdish (and Arab) populated territories, and utilizing space and population engineering to contain non-Turkish citizen Kurds, I argue that the Turkish state’s preoccupation with the Kurdish question since 2015 is prevailed by geopolitics.Keywords:
Geopolitics
Turkish population
There is a significant decrease in the average number of children in Bulgarian families during the 80s and 90s. This phenomenon is noticed even in some regions with usually higher natality, like Kurdjali, Pazardjik, Blagoevgrad, etc.The aim of this study was to characterize the reproductive behaviour of Turkish minority in Bulgaria.260 women in reproductive age with Turkish ethnical origin from the town of Kurdjali (Bulgaria) were approached by a direct individual inquiry. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests.The average number of children in the Turkish families in Bulgaria is 1.69 +/- 0.04 and in 78.2% of cases, the pregnancy has been wanted and approved by both spouses. This fact determines the reproduction of this ethnos to be a realized necessity. The comparison of indices, characterizing the reproductive behaviour of Turkish and Bulgarian population shows a statistically significant difference between the real and desired number of children in the family (P < 0.001). However, the analysis failed to find a statistically significant difference in the opinion of both compared groups about the ideal number of children in the family (P > 0.05).There are no changes in the traditional conceptions of Turkish people about the family and role of women. We observe significant differences in the reproductive plan and behaviour between the Bulgarian and Turkish population.
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Turkish population
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Reviewing the Turkish state’s engagement with the Kurdish question since 2015, I argue that while the Turkish state tackled with the Kurdish question mainly through ethnopolitics, it now tackles with it mainly through geopolitics. Documenting the Turkish state’s recent engagement with the Kurdish question by means of such new instruments as non-temporary control over non-Turkish territories populated or neighboured by Kurds, replacing the functions of the states of Syria and Iraq on their Kurdish (and Arab) populated territories, and utilizing space and population engineering to contain non-Turkish citizen Kurds, I argue that the Turkish state’s preoccupation with the Kurdish question since 2015 is prevailed by geopolitics.
Geopolitics
Turkish population
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ABSTRACT The Turkish population in Canada is quite small (about 10,000) and is concentrated in the Toronto metropolitan area. The Turkish community formed the Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations in 1985 to coordinate member associations and to connect the Turkish community to the Canadian network. The Metropolitan Toronto Reference Library has developed a collection of Turkish materials through purchase and gifts. In addition, it has mounted several displays related to the Turkish collection. The North York Public Library also has a Turkish collection and sponsors Turkish cultural programs.
Turkish population
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Population-based breast cancer screening programs were implemented to reduce breast cancer mortality and to improve recovery chances. Breast cancer screening participation among migrant women differs from that of autochthonous populations in several European countries. Here we investigate for the first time participation among women of Turkish origin in Germany. Data of five screening units covering 2010 and 2011 as well as associated population registries were analysed. Women of Turkish origin were identified using a name-based algorithm. Participation ratios among women of Turkish origin and odds ratios compared to women of non-Turkish origin were calculated. Analyses were stratified and adjusted for age-groups and screening unit. A total of 208,500 participants in the five breast screening units were included, out of 423,649 eligible women in the catchment areas (participation 49.2%). Women of Turkish origin have a slightly higher chance to participate in breast cancer screening than women without Turkish origin (OR 1.17; 95% CI: 1.14-1.21). Only women of Turkish origin aged 65–69 years have a lower chance to participate than women without Turkish origin (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.66-0.75). In spite of low participation in preventive measures among migrant populations, the overall breast cancer screening participation among women of Turkish origin in Germany seems to be higher compared to women of non-Turkish origin. Turkish women aged 65 years and above have a lower chance of participation than younger Turkish women. There is need for further research to study factors affecting participation in screening among migrant and non-migrant populations in Germany.
Turkish population
Breast Cancer Screening
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After being banished by geographers for decades, geopolitics experienced a revival in the late 1980s. This chapter scrutinizes the historical roots and recent developments of geopolitics. It discusses classical geopolitics and inquires into the foundations, recent topics, impact, and future of critical geopolitics. It is suggested that bringing critical geopolitics closer to cultural political economy would be worthwhile.
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Political geography
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The article is devoted to the methodology and practice of the study of geopolitical processes. It shows two interrelated approaches used in geopolitical science: static, associated with the consideration of the structural components of the geopolitical space, a set of actors of geopolitics, factors of geopolitical influence, as well as dynamic, reflecting both the processes of adaptation, preservation of the geopolitical picture of the world, and the ongoing dimensions of geopolitical reality. Each of the methodological approaches is characterized by a corresponding theoretical and conceptual apparatus formed in classical and modern geopolitics. Attention is drawn to the lack of attention and theoretical understanding in current domestic geopolitics terminology of geopolitical dynamics, including the concept of “geopolitical process (geopolitical processes”. The author attempted to highlight the main features of the geopolitical processes, determining their essence, disclosure of the specifics of processes of functioning and development, as well as characteristics of the processes associated with the actions of geopolitical centres of power, as well as the strategy States that benefit from the geographically-geographical location.
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Geopolitics is a practice of knowledge production. As a result of its long history, it includes a wide range of explanations that can be arranged according to four major perspectives: (i) geopolitical representations in politics, media, and science; (ii) the geopolitical discourse itself as a formation of space power; (iii) the “doing geopolitics” of political actors who draw on hegemonic geopolitical imaginations in order to legitimize their political reasoning and practices; and (iv) the academic deconstruction of geopolitical discourses and practices from a critical geopolitical perspective, or rather a poststructuralist political geography.
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Critical geopolitics examines geopolitical practices in order to understand geographical and political thinking and how the global policy practices are affected. It examines the geopolitical tradition, referring to the historical and geographical context of ideas about geography and politics. In a wider sense, it aims to critically examine everything related to geography and politics. It gives us an idea how the practice of world politics is implemented through different geopolitical arrangements and how our worldview is based on these premises. The analyzes presented through the research of critical geopolitics aimed to create a complex and accurate geopolitical picture, that is, a geopolitical mirror in the function of an essential deconstruction of the geopolitical discourses that create stereotypes for the actors involved in a certain conflict, for the states and the regions where the conflict takes place, that is, a creation of afalse geopolitical picture or a geopolitical mosaic.
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Today's Middle East is characterised by instability and conflict in the form of the geopolitics of oil, prevalence of extremist groups, Western military intervention, escalating Sunni-Shia tensions, and the Arab Spring. According to US-based counterterrorism expert Lydia Khalil, who spoke to defence analyst Sergei DeSilva-Ranasinghe, the Middle East is in a period of rapid and substantial change and is headed for an uncertain future that will continue to affect world geopolitics.
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