Product diversification from pomelo peel. Essential oil, Pectin and semi-dried pomelo peel
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Abstract Currently, agriculture has shifted to green production, in which the recycling of post-production by-products is a key issue. In the present work, by-products such as pomelos were studied to promote consumption and enhance the value of pomelo. From pomelo material, essential oils extracted from pomelo peels, pectin, and drying pomelo products have been diversified. In the extraction process of essential oils, the hydrodistillation method was applied in conjunction with the response surface method to obtain the optimal conditions of influence factors. These essential oils were quantified as well as determined for components by GC-MS. The pectin recognition process was done by immersion method in HCl acid (pH 2) and the drying process was made with a heat pump dryer under the effects of drying temperature, drying time and wind rate. The results of the essential oil products reached the highest (0.88 ±0.006 g) at the material size of 3 mm, the distillation time of 27 min, and the ratio of raw materials/solvents of 1/12 g/mL. The main components found in pomelo peeling essential oils included limonene (71.768%), γ-terponene (12,847%), α-Phellandrene (2.979%), β-myrcene (2.668%), 1R-α-pinene (2,656%), and β-pinene (1,191%). The pectin content was the highest under the temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 60 min and ratio/solvent ratio of 1:32 g/mL. Under these extraction conditions, 48% of concentrated pectin content was obtained. Surveying conditions for drying white pomelo peels are capable of reversing: refunded drying pomelos are drying heat pumps in the following conditions: 50 °C drying temperature, the drying time of 90 min, and wind rate of 12 m/s. Product with hardness 309.862 N.Keywords:
Pectin
The present study investigated the chemical composition of essential oil extracted from Elsholtzia fruticosa, and evaluated the biological activities of the essential oil and its main components against Ditylenchus destructor. The essential oil of E. fruticosa was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/ MS. Twenty-three components of essential oil were identified. The most abundant compounds were eucalyptol (40.1%), γ-terpinene (15.8%), limonene (9.3%) and β-pinene (5.2%). Essential oil and three major constituents (eucalyptol, γ-terpinene, and limonene) were tested for their biological activities against D. destructor. The results showed that the essential oil, eucalyptol, γ-terpinene, and limonene exhibited a strong effect of suppression against D. destructor (EC50/24h = 0.16, 0.27, 0.36 and 0.23 mg/ml, respectively). The essential oil, eucalyptol, ã-terpinene, and limonene also possessed the obvious nematicidal activities against D. destructor (LC50/24h = 0.18, 0.46, 0.66 and 0.38 mg/ml, respectively). The essential oil and main components described herein merit further study as potential botanical nematicides against D. destructor.
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Background: Knowledge of diversity and variability of different plants is a main prerequisite and the first step in extraction of main compounds of them. The objective of the current research was to investigate main chemical composition of the essential oils of Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss aerial parts collected from western parts of Iran (Kurdestan, Kermanshah and Lorestan provinces). Methods: Identification of the essential oils was performed by analytical gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer detector (GC/MS). Results: The major compounds of essential oils of the aerial parts of plants were α-pinene (25.82%), Z-β-ocimene (23.48%), bornyl acetate (9.94%), germacrene D (4.01%), myrcene (3.06%), ɣ-terpinene (3%), limonene (2.27%) and p-cymene (1.99%). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the main components of the essential oils belong to monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.
Myrcene
Chemotype
Monoterpene
Germacrene
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Abstract The essential oils from caraway seeds (Carum carvi L.) grown in China were isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MHD). The essential oils obtained with 4.7 % and 4.2 % yields, respectively, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thirty-four components have been identified in the HD essential oil of caraway and thirty-one components in the MHD essential oil, respectively. The major constituents of the HD essential oil were limonene (43.5 %), carvone (32.6 %), and apiole (15.1 %); the MHD essential oil contained apiole (12.3 %), carvone (31.1 %), and limonene (48.4 %), consisting of 99.6 % of total essential oils, respectively.
Carvone
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To develop botanical pesticides and repellents against stored-product insects, the chemical composition and insecticide properties of the essential oil from Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle were investigated. The essential oils from leaves and fruits of C. medica var. sarcodactylis were extracted by hydrodistillation and their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The two essential oil samples as well as their major components were comparatively evaluated for fumigant, contact and repellent activities against adults of Tribolium castaneum Herbst. GC/MS results demonstrated that leaf essential oil of mainly consisted of monoterpenoids (63.6 %) and sesquiterpenoids (32.8 %). Fruit essential oil had large amounts of monoterpenoids (80.5 %) and aromatic compounds (15.2 %). Main components detected in the leaf essential oil were limonene (33.5 %), β-caryophyllene (18.2 %) and 3-carene (10.8 %), and in the fruit essential oil included limonene (38.7 %), γ-terpinene (28.0 %) and o-cymene (15.2 %). Results of bioassays indicated that the leaf essential oil and the fruit essential oil had strong fumigant effect, contact toxicity and repellency against T. castaneum. Notably, the fruit essential oil was highly effective and sustained a long duration in repellent assays at the concentration range of 78.63-3.15 nL/cm2. β-Caryophyllene exhibited good contact toxicity and repellency but failed to cause mortality of the target insects in fumigation. γ-Terpinene and o-cymene was potently toxic to T. castaneum in fumigant and contact assays while showed weak or even no repellency. This work confirmed the potent efficacy of C. medica var. sarcodactylis based on active substances in pest management and provided some evidence for its comprehensive development and utilization in bio- insecticides and repellents.
Caryophyllene
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Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) is well known as one of the most important secondary metabolite containing plants accumulating metabolites in both vegetative and reproductive organs. The aim of this study was to investigate the content and chemical composition of essential oils in different organs of lemon verbena. Vegetative parts (leaf and stem) and reproductive parts (flower and fruit) of plants were harvested, separately. The quality of essential oil was evaluated by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/ mass (GC-Mass). Results showed significant differences on quantity and quality of essential oil in tested organs. The highest essential oil content was observed in the reproductive organs (flower) and the lowest contents belonged to the stem and fruit organs. The qualitative analysis showed over 50 compounds in the essential oil of different organs of Lippia citriodora, of which 16-20 compounds were considered as the major compounds (>0.7 %). Geranial (30.67 - 36.87 %), neral (21.71-28.33 %) and limonene (6.07 - 7.27 %) were the major constituents in essential oil of different organs of lemon verbena.
Lippia
Chemotype
Verbenaceae
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Abstract The composition of the essential oil obtained from the dried flowering aerial parts of Mentha aquatica L. (Labiatae) was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Twenty-nine components have been identified in the essential oil of M. aquatica. The major constituents of the essential oil were 1,8-cineole (27.2%), menthofuran (23.2%), β-caryophyllene (12.8%) and limonene (5.2%).
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Abstract The main aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Callistemon citrinus grown in the South-West of Iran. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Thirty-six compounds were identified and the major constituents were 1,8-cineole (34.2 %), α-pinene (29.0 %), α-terpineol (10.7 %), α-phellandrene (9.0 %) and limonene (3.4 %).
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Aldama arenaria and A. robusta are morphologically similar aromatic species that have seasonal development. The yield and chemical composition of essential oils from aerial and underground vegetative organs of these species were compared to verify the production of volatile metabolites in flowering and dormant phases of development and to identify if there are unique compounds for either species. The major compound in the essential oils from A. arenaria leaves was palustrol (16.22%) and for aerial stems was limonene (15.3%), whereas limonene (11.16%) and α-pinene (19.64%) were the major compounds for leaves and aerial stems from A. robusta, respectively. The major compound for the underground organs was α-pinene, in both species and phenological stages. High amounts of diterpenes were found especially for A. arenaria essential oils. Each analyzed species presented unique compounds, which can provide a characteristic chemical profile for both species helping to solve their taxonomic problems. This study characterized for the first time the yield and essential oil composition of A. arenaria and A. robusta, which have medicinal potential, and some of the compounds in their essential oils are unique to each one and may be useful in helping the correct identification of them.
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Carvone
Terpene
Monoterpene
Fraction (chemistry)
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The effect of different drying methods (room temperature, open air and oven drying at 30, 40 and 50°C) was studied on the content and chemical composition of essential oil of Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora). The essential oils were isolated from aerial flowering parts of the plants by hydrodistillation method and then the oil subjected to GC and GC-MS analyses to determine the constituents. Fifty-four different components were identified in lemon verbena essential oil, which were mostly oxygenated monoterpenes. Geranial, Neral and limonene were the major components of essential oil. The highest content of essential oil and total monoterpens were obtained by oven drying under 30°C tratment. Moreover, neral and geranial were maximized in samples dried in oven 30°C. Increasing temperature of oven had a negative effect on oil content and monoterpenes like neral and geranial. Whereas, total sesquiterpenes and also some monoterpenes like limonene were enhanced as temperature increased. The method of oven drying at 30°C revealed to be the best drying method for keeping up the quality and quantity of essential oil in this study.
Lippia
Verbenaceae
Citral
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