Bacteria are better predictive biomarkers of environmental estrogen transmission than fungi
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7strains degrading oil were isolated from long-term oil-contaminated soil and they were numbered as bacteria 2-1,bacteria 7-1,bacteria 1-2,bacteria5-2,bacteria 7-2,bacteria oil 3,bacteria oil 5,of which bacteria 2-1and bacteria 7-1were identified as Serratia marcescens,bacteria 1-2as Raoultella planticola,bacteria 5-2,bacteria oil 3,and bacteria oil 5as Klebsiella genus,bacteria 7-2as Bacillus cereus by morphological observation,Biolog identification and 16SrDNA gene sequence analysis.Bacteria 1-2,bacteria 5-2and bacteria 7-2enabled the surface tension of the fermentation liquid reduce from 36.1mN/m to 20.2mN/m, 20.74mN/m and 21.78mN/m,indicating the surfactants produced by the bacteriums have a strong emulsification crude capacity and show great potential.
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본 연구는 폐경 후 여성에게 식이 칼슘염 형태, 에스트로겐 및 에스트로겐/칼슘 혼합요법이 칼슘, 인 및 질소 대사에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 난소절제쥐를 이용한 총 9군으로 분류하여 6주간 사육한 후, 섭취량과 배설량을 측정하였고, 이로부터 흡수율과 평형상태를 구하였다. 난소를 절제한 군과 난소를 절제하지 않은 군에서의 칼슘 섭취량은 비슷하였으나 소변으로의 칼슘 배설이 난소를 절제한 군에서 유의하게 높았다. 난소절제 후 estrogen 투여 및 estrogen/칼슘 혼합 투여군에서의 소변으로의 칼슘 배설량은 낮은 경향을 보였다. 대변으로의 칼슘 배설량은 난소를 절제한 군이 난소를 절제하지 않은 군에 비해 유의하게 높았다(p＜0.001). 난소절제 후 estrogen을 투여한 결과 대변으로의 칼슘배설량은 감소하였다. 고칼슘을 투여한 군들 모두에서 대변으로의 칼슘 배설량이 현저히 높았다. 칼슘의 외견적 흡수율은 난소를 절제한 군에 비해 난소를 절제하지 않은 군이 유의하게 높았다. 난소절제 후 고칼슘을 투여한 군들에 비해 난소절제 후 estrogen을 투여한 군이 난소절제 군에 비해 외견적 흡수율이 증가하였다. 칼슘 평형은 난소절제 후 고칼슘을 투여한 군들에서 난소를 절제한 군 보다 유의하게 높은 양의 칼슘 평형상태를 보였다. 난소를 절제한 군과 난소를 절제하지 않은 군에서의 소변으로의 인 배설은 난소를 절제한 군이 다소 증가하였다. 난소절제 후에 고칼슘 투여, estrogen 투여, estrogen/칼슘 혼합 투여군에서의 소변으로의 인 배설이 유의하게 감소하였다(p＜0.01). 난소를 절제한 군과 난소를 절제하지 않은 군에서의 대변으로 인 배설량은 난소를 절제한 군이 많았으며 난소절제 후 estrogen 투여군에서는 대변으로의 인 배설량이 다른 군 보다 적었다. 난소절제 후 고칼슘 투여군에서는 대변으로의 인 배설이 다소 증가한 경향이었다. 인의 평형상태도 난소를 절제하지 않은 군에서 유의하게 높았다. 난소절제 후 고칼슘 투여, estrogen 투여, estrogen/칼슘 혼합 투여 및 estrogen 점진적 감소와 고칼슘 투여에 의한 효과로는 인의 평형이 다소 증가하였으나 난소를 절제하지 않은 군에 비해서는 평형이 현저히 낮았다. 난소를 절제한 군과 난소를 절제하지 않은 군에서 소변으로의 질소 배설량은 난소를 절제한 군에서 유의하게 높았으며 난소절제 후 estrogen, estrogen/칼슘 혼합 투여, estrogen 점진적 감소와 칼슘 점진적 증가군에서 각각 배설량이 감소하였다. 대변으로의 질소 배설량은 난소를 절제한 군에서 유의하게 높았다. Estrogen 투여에 의해 대변으로의 질소 배설이 감소하였다. 고칼슘 투여군들은 대변으로의 질소 배설이 높았다. 이상의 성적으로 보아 난소절제로 인해 칼슘, 인, 질소 평형이 난소를 절제하지 않은 군에 비하여 낮아졌다. 난소를 절제한 군에 비해 난소절제 후 고칼슘 투여, estrogen/칼슘 혼합, estrogen 점진적 감소와 칼슘 점진적 증가군에서 칼슘 평형을 증가시켰다. 그러나 인과 질소 평형에는 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다.
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The infected cells in pea(Pisum sativum L.) root nodules were observed by scanning electron microscopy.Results showed that in the infected cells there were a large quantity of bacteria which were very different in shape.They were mainly rod-shaped bacteria,secondly,were spherical bacteria,often Y-shaped bacteria and T-shaped bacteria were also seen,but other shaped bacteria were a little.Besides the bacterial shape was not completely same,there still were some bacteria which were very special in these cells.Such as some bacteria were longer,often occurred contraction in one or some parts and formed one or more than one contractile rings,so its shape was like a lotus root;Some bacteria were specially large in size,it was 2 or more than 2 times of a general bacterium;two ends of some bacteria were not same thick and one end often swelled,its shape was similar to a wooden club.In these infected cells there were many vesicles which were different in size,but they all were sphere.They were located among bacteria,even some vesicles appeared on the surfaces of the bacteria,and there were many bacteria near them,sometimes the surfaces of these bacteria possessed various bulgings.
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본 연구는 폐경 후 여성에게 식이 칼슘염 형태, 에스트로겐 및 에스트로겐/칼슘 혼합요법이 골대사의 생화학적 변화에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 난소절제쥐를 이용한 총 9군으로 분류하여 6주간 사육한 후 그 효과를 살펴보았다. 식이 섭취량, 식이 효율 및 체중 증가량은 난소절제로 현저히 증가하였으나 난소절제 후 estrogen 투여군 모두에서 식이 섭취량이 크게 감소되었다. 골흡수의 지표로 사용되는 소변으로 배설되는 hydroxyproline 함량은 난소절제로 현저히 증가하였으나, 난소절제 후 estrogen 투여군 모두에서 감소하였는데, 특히 estrogen/칼슘 혼합 투여군에서 가장 많은 감소를 나타내었다. 혈장 부갑상선 호르몬 함량은 난소절제로 다소 증가하나, 난소절제 후 estrogen 및 estrogen/칼슘 혼합군에서 혈장 중 부갑상선 호르몬 수준이 32%나 감소되었다. 그러나 estrogen 점진적 감소군에서는 현저한 감소를 나타내지 않았다. 골생성 및 조골세포형성의 지표인 osteocalcin 함량과 AP 활성은 난소절제로 현저히 증가하였으나, 난소절제 후 estrogen 투여군 모두에서 감소하였다. 이상의 성적으로 보아 estrogen 및 estrogen/칼슘 혼합요법은 골교체율을 감소시켜 골손실을 방지하는데 효과적 방안임을 확인할 수 있었으며, 한편 estrogen 점진적 감소요법은 골손실 감소에 크게 기여하지 못하나, estrogen 점진적 감소와 고칼슘 투여군, estrogen 점진적 감소와 칼슘 점진적 증가군에서는 골손실을 상당량 방지할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 칼슘염 종류에 따른 골손실에 미치는 생화학적 요인들의 변화는 크게 나타나지 않았다.
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The human intestinal tract is filled with a large number of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, molds, protozoa, and parasites. Intestinal bacteria are divided into long-term (permanent resident) and transit (foreign) bacteria according to the time of residence and growth in the intestinal tract. Passenger bacteria remain for a few days and are then expelled. Symbiotic bacteria in the intestinal tract can coexist peacefully with the host human body, symbiotically and mutually beneficially, forming what is called the "human super organism". The fermentation of good bacteria is beneficial for the human body. The destructive effects of bad bacteria make people sick. Intestinal bacteria for humans can be divided into good bacteria (beneficial bacteria, symbiotic bacteria), which make up 10-20%. Bad bacteria (bad bacteria, pathogenic bacteria) accounted for 20%, and neutral bacteria (opportunistic bacteria, conditional pathogens) accounted for 60 to 70%.
Flora
Pathogenic bacteria
Intestinal bacteria
Human gastrointestinal tract
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Bacterial growth
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Fufenozide was a novel pesticide for the control of Lepidoptera pests, which was highly toxic to silkworm. Fufenozide-contaminated soil samples were collected and the bacteria that degrade fufenozide were isolated and screened by selective medium. The colony characteristics, cell characteristics and degradation characteristics in different concentrations fufenozide of the fufenozide degrading bacteria were studied. The results indicated that seven strains of fufenozide degradeing bacteria, named as DDH01, DDH03, DDH04, DDH04, DDH05, DDH07 and DDH07 respectively, were isolated from soil contaminated with fufenozide. DDH01, DDH02, DDH04 and DDH05 of seven fufenozide degrading bacteria, was gram-positive bacteria, and DDH03, DDH06 and DDH07 was gram-negative bacteria. All of seven strains of fufenozide degrading bacteria were not spores, weeks flagella, rod-shaped bacteria. DDH06 and DDH07 had capsules, and the remaining five strains had not capsule. The colonies formed by seven strains of fufenozide degradation bacteria on beef extract peptone medium plate were milky white colonies with irregular edges, thinner lawn, smaller colony with smooth surface. The growth of 7 strains of fufenozide degradation bacteria was significantly affected by the concentration of fufenozide, All of 7 strains grown in the range from 0.00025 g/mL to 1 g/mL of 10% fufenozide suspension. DDH2 was the best among the 7 strains of fufenozide degrading bacteria grown in 10% fufenozide suspension medium.
Strain (injury)
Gram-Positive Bacteria
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River is classified as freshwater ecosystem which contains various type of
microorganism. Some of water microorganism can be an indicator for river water
quality. The aim of this study is to investigate the diversity of microorganism in
Sungai Tanah Merah. The water samples were taken and isolation of these
microorganisms had been done by using serial dilution and streaking method. The
morphology of pure colony of bacteria was done by using gram staining method in
order to differentiate the bacteria according to their group, gram positive and gram
negative bacteria and it also used as it serve the simplest test to observe the
morphology of bacteria present in river water. As a result, five gram positive and
three gram positive bacteria found in that study area. Pure colony of bacteria was
cultured in Luria Broth. Cultured bacteria were used for DNA extraction in order to
isolate DNA from bacteria sample. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was
conducted for 30 cycles. The result showed multiple bands in PCR products which
indicate that the samples were contaminated with organic substance such as salts.
However, morphological of bacteria cannot be used to determine bacteria at species
level. Therefore, further study on molecular based method must be conducted.
Gram staining
Isolation
Gram-Positive Bacteria
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Eighteen unknown microorganisms had been cultured and isolated from the soil sample in Poring Hot Spring, Ranau, Malaysia. These microorganisms were grown around 12 hours on LB agar culture medium at 50 °C. The microorganism was
chosen depending on their visual morphology characteristics. After the pure culture of unknown microorganisms were obtained, the PCR reactions were carried out using forward primer, fD1and reverse primer rP2 to amplify its 16S rRNA. The 16S rRNA of eighteen of the unknown microorganisms was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis on an ethidium bromide-stained 0.8 % agarose gel. Only nine unknown microorganisms (Unknown Microorganism 1, Unknown Microorganism 2, Unknown Microorganism 3, Unknown Microorganism 4, Unknown Microorganism 6, Unknown Microorganism 10, Unknown Microorganism 11, Unknown Microorganism 12, and Unknown Microorganism 17) were able to amplify the 16S rRNA and the size of the 16S rRNA was estimated around 1,500 bp. All nine bands were recovered by
using QlAquick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN, USA) after electrophoresis. Only PCR products of 4 unknown microorganisms (Unknown Microorganism 1, Unknown
Microorganism 2, Unknown Microorganism 3, and Unknown Microorganism 17) were recovered successfully. However, sequencing of these fragments was unsuccessfully due to the low concentration of template DNA.
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