Study of Some Indicators of Environmental Pollution of Surface Soil for the City of Touggourt (Southeast Algeria)
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Abstract:
Soil is contaminated with various potentially harmful metals (PTMs). Therefore, the adequate protection of soil from contamination is imperative, as the soil is regarded as the primary cradle for living and environmental balance. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to assess the contamination level by PTMs in Touggourt city, where soil samples have been collected randomly from 18 sites. These sites included manufacturing companies and institutions belonging to the industrial region of Touggourt city. The concentrations of six PTMs - zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) were assessed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) instrument as well as the application of the modern pollution indices such as CF (Contamination Factor), PLI (Pollution Load Index) and EF (Enrichment Factor). The highest values of contamination factor (CF) for Zn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Pb were 0.605, 1.605, 0.277, 0.05, 0.438, and 0.01, respectively, and the highest value of pollution load index (PLI) was 0.139, while the results of enrichment factor (EF) for the Zn, Mn, Co, Cu and Pb metals were 2.608, 0.060, 0.740, 0.122, and 2.358, respectively. According to these pollution indices, the results of this study have indicated that human effects or industrial wastes and traffic, in particular, were the sources of heavy metal contaminating the studied region.Keywords:
Enrichment factor
Soil test
Environmental Pollution
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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is used for detection and estimation of metals in solutions. It was only in 1955 that the use of AAS for detection and estimation of metallic elements was reported by Dr. A. Walsh of Australia. This discovery became a revolutionary development in the analysis of trace metals. This technique has been successfully used for the determation of as many as sixty five elements.
Atomic spectroscopy
TRACE (psycholinguistics)
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The soil samples of nine different sites in Islamabad were studied for their elemental composition. Instrumental neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry were employed and 33 elements were determined. The acquired data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, pollution level index and enrichment factor. A perusal of results shows a distribution of elemental concentration in two major groups, one along the highway and the other in industrial area of Islamabad. The soil along the highway sites was found to be relatively less polluted than at the sites in the industrial area. The enrichment factor indicates the presence of As, Pb, Sb, Se and Sn at higher levels. The method validation was done by analyzing IAEA reference materials SL-1 (lake sediment) and S7 (soil).
Neutron Activation Analysis
Enrichment factor
Soil test
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Enrichment factor
Soil test
Deposition
Trace metal
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To recognize the conditions of soil contamination by oil, to know the concentration of contaminants in the soil is necessary. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) is commonly used to assess oil contaminated soil. TPH measurement methods in the laboratory usually adopt solvent extraction of the hydrocarbon from the soil prior to gas chromatography (GC) or infrared (IR) analysis. In order to increase the laboratory efficiency and reduce the cost of soil contamination investigations, some screening analysis methods are used. In this study, in order to develop a screening analysis for oil contaminated soil, a method to determine TPH values by measuring CO2 concentrations of burning gas from soil sample was investigated and established as TPH analyzer.
Total petroleum hydrocarbon
Soil test
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Meat and Bone Meal (MBM) and β-cyclodextrin were added to a soil sample co-contaminated by hydrocarbons (diesel fraction C10-C21 and lubricant oil fraction C22-C40) and heavy metals to promote soil remediation. The pilot study was conducted in the laboratory, maintaining optimal conditions (i.e., temperature, pH, water content, soil aeration) to facilitate hydrocarbon biodegradation. Two different experimental tests were prepared: one for the analysis of hydrocarbons in soil, the other to monitor the dynamics of some elements of interest. For the first test, the two hydrocarbon fractions in the soil were quantified separately by GC-FID, following the ISO 16703:2004(E) standard protocol. Sampling and analysis were done every two weeks, for three consecutive months. For the second test (dynamics of certain elements in the soil), soil and leachate samples were analyzed by ICP-MS after appropriate pretreatment steps.
Soil test
Fraction (chemistry)
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The use of a flameless atomic absorption technique is described for the estimation of metals in malt, hops, wort and beer. The method was found to be satisfactory for the direct determination of Mn, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu and Al. Ni, Co and Pb were determined by the addition of internal standards. A balance sheet for ten metals through the brewing process is presented.
Atomic spectroscopy
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General considerations of the calibrations of in situ measurements are presented and the concept of using an "average oil" with average analysability for calibration purposes is introduced. The in situ analysis of 30 petroleum product-contaminated soil samples with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy was performed. Compared to an uncontaminated laboratory reference (LR) soil, 23 soil samples exhibited significantly higher LIF signals, so that these soil samples were classified as contaminated. The repeatability and reproducibility of the in situ LIF analysis were investigated. For the calibration of the LIF data, two LR oils (a fuel oil and a crude oil) were employed. The degree of soil contamination with petroleum products ranged from the limit of detection (LOD) for LIF analysis (ca. 100 ppm), or below, to more than 10,000 ppm. The petroleum product concentrations determined with in situ LIF analysis reveal a reasonable correlation with the results of standard IR analysis after extraction of the contaminated soils.
Repeatability
Soil test
Petroleum product
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the content of heavy metals in Actractylodes Macrocephala Koidz.(AMK).METHODS Using atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine the content of Pb,Cd,Cu,As and Hg in AMK samples collected from 12 different areas.RESULTS The content of Pb,Cu,As and Hg in all of 12 samples were within the limitation,but the content of Cd in 4 samples exceeded criterion.CONCLUSION The content of Cd in 4 samples exceeded criterion,and the situation must be paid enough attention.
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The homologues levels, distribution characteristics and TEQ of 209 PCBs in soil collected around 3 storage sites of PCB-containing wastes were investigated. The PCBs contents and environmental risk were evaluated to provide a scientific basis for site remediation of PCBs contaminated soil. Totally 12 soil samples were collected from 3 PCB-contaminated sites. The analysis results showed that the PCB-concentration in Soil A was 1 705. 0 µg.g-1 ± 424. 3 µg.g-1 (n =4), higher than Soil B (233. 0 µg.g-1 ± 80. 0, n = 4) and Soil C (225. 7 µg.g-1 ± 90. 2 µg.g-1, n = 4), indicating the soil was heavily polluted by PCBs. Trichlorobiphenyl and Tetrachlorobiphenyl dominated the homologues of PCBs. The mass fraction of chlorine in Soil A, Soil B and Soil C was 43. 7% 1. 0%, 45.5% ± 0. 5% and 44.9% ± 0.3%, respectively, which was similar as Aroclor1242 and l#PCB insulating oil. There was an obvious linear correlation between indicator PCBs and total PCBs (R2 = 0. 998), so indicator PCBs can be used to estimate the level of total PCBs. PCB77, PCB105, PCB118 were predominant in doxin-like PCBs, accounting for 89. 5% ± 4. 0% in total. The TEQ levels of the soil samples (in WHO-TEQ) were 3. 56-63. 55 ng.g-1, which demonstrated a high environmental risk in the area. PCB28/31, PCB33/20, PCB66/80, PCB70, PCB32 and PCB18 were the main PCBs isomers. Compared with other results, the local soil was heavily contaminated by PCBs and the surroundings were under a relatively high risk of environmental contamination.
Soil test
Soil Pollutants
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Effects of DHPO on Ca,Zn,Mg in brain of aluminum-exposed mice by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Objective:To investigate the effects of DHPO on Ca,Zn,Mg in brain of aluminum-exposed mice by atomic absorption spectrophotometry(AAS).Methods:DHPO was administrated for 30days to the mice that have been exposed to aluminum and then they were treated.The concentrations of Ca,Zn,Mg in the brain of the mice were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results:In comparison with Ca,Zn,Mg contents,no significant differences existed among various groups(P0.05).Conclusions:The Ca,Zn,Mg contents in the brain of aluminum-exposed mice were not affected by DHPO administration.
Spectrophotometry
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