Effect of Strenuous and Mild Pre-Meal Exercise on Postprandial Lipemia
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Abstract An attempt was made to elucidate the mechanism whereby exercise facilitates postprandial lipid clearance. Two separate experiments examined the effects of mild and strenuous pre-meal exercise on postprandial lipemia among human male subjects. In each case, a high fat meal was consumed after a fasting blood sample was taken. Additional samples were drawn 3, 5, and 7 hr. following the meal on both a control and an experimental day. Optical density was employed as a measure of serum turbidity. Data were analyzed through analysis of variance. Strenuous pre-meal exercise appeared to hasten postprandial lipid clearance without affecting the magnitude of lipemia. Mild pre-meal exercise was seen to reduce the magnitude and duration of postprandial lipemia. These observations tend to negate the concept that exercise influences postprandial lipemia via digestive and/or absorptive mechanisms. It is hypothesized that gross differences in response to the high fat meal witnessed between the two experimental populations may be due to the variance in the mean ages of the groups.Keywords:
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There is no consensus regarding optimal exercise timing for reducing postprandial glucose (PPG). The purpose of the present study was to determine the most effective exercise timing. Eleven participants completed four different exercise patterns 1) no exercise; 2) preprandial exercise (jogging); 3) postprandial exercise; and 4) brief periodic exercise intervention (three sets of 1-min jogging + 30 s of rest, every 30 min, 20 times total) in a random order separated by a minimum of 5 days. Preprandial and postprandial exercise consisted of 20 sets of intermittent exercise (1 min of jogging + 30 s rest per set) repeated 3 times per day. Total daily exercise volume was identical for all three exercise patterns. Exercise intensities were 62.4 ± 12.9% V̇o2peak Blood glucose concentrations were measured continuously throughout each trial for 24 h. After breakfast, peak blood glucose concentrations were lower with brief periodic exercise (99 ± 6 mg/dl) than those with preprandial and postprandial exercise (109 ± 10 and 115 ± 14 mg/dl, respectively, P < 0.05, effect size = 0.517). After lunch, peak glucose concentrations were lower with brief periodic exercise than those with postprandial exercise (97 ± 5 and 108 ± 8 mg/dl, P < 0.05, effect size = 0.484). After dinner, peak glucose concentrations did not significantly differ among exercise patterns. Areas under the curve over 24 h and 2 h postprandially did not differ among exercise patterns. These findings suggest that brief periodic exercise may be more effective than preprandial and postprandial exercise at attenuating PPG in young active individuals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This was the first study to investigate the effect of different exercise timing (brief periodic vs. preprandial vs. postprandial exercise) on postprandial glucose (PPG) attenuation in active healthy men. We demonstrated that brief periodic exercise attenuated peak PPG levels more than preprandial and postprandial exercise, particularly in the morning. Additionally, PPG rebounded soon after discontinuing postprandial exercise. Thus, brief periodic exercise may be better than preprandial and postprandial exercise at attenuating PPG levels.
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The majority of the studies that have found a lowering effect of exercise on postprandial lipaemia have employed exercise 12-18 h before a test meal of exaggerated fat content (over 60 % total energy). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether this effect is manifest when exercise is performed immediately before a test meal of moderate fat content. Eleven healthy young men cycled for 45 min at 62 % maximal heart rate or rested, and, immediately afterwards, consumed a meal of moderate fat content (35 % total energy, 0.65 g/kg body mass) in a random counterbalanced design. Blood samples were drawn before exercise, before the meal, and for 8 h postprandially. No significant differences were observed in plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and areas under the triacylglycerol concentration v. time curves between exercise and rest, although exercise reduced the postprandial lipaemic response by 17 %. Non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, and insulin did not differ significantly between the trials. In conclusion, moderate exercise performed immediately before a meal of a fat content typical to the Western diet had only a modest effect on postprandial lipaemia.
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PURPOSE: Since relatively little research is available to assess how strategies that differentially time meal consumption relative to exercise influence the degree of postprandial lipemia (PPL), the goal of this study was to compare postprandial responses to a standardized high fat meal consumed alone (M) versus the same meal consumed in conjunction with exercise (60% of VO2max for 50 min) performed either immediately prior to (EM) or two hours after (ME) meal ingestion. METHODS: Twelve young, healthy male volunteers performed the three trials in random order. Blood samples were drawn after fasting and 1, 3, 5 and 7 hours after the test meal to determine plasma concentrations of triglycerides (TG), glucose and insulin. Blood was also obtained after exercise for the EM trial. RESULTS: The area under the curve (AUC) for TG was 33% lower (p<0.05) for the EM trial in comparison to M, but no difference was detected between ME and M. The glucose AUC for M was significantly (p<0.05) higher for M than both ME and EM. No differences in AUC were detected among trials for insulin responses. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that exercise performed prior to a meal is more effective in reducing PPL than exercise performed 2 hours after the meal and that exercise either immediately before or 2 hours after exercise can diminish overall glucose responses. Strategies that optimally influence PPL should be explored to allow for the most beneficial management of triglyceride metabolism.
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The effect of strenuous physical exercise on postprandial gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying was evaluated in untrained healthy volunteers. Subjects exercised for 45 min on a stationary bicycle at 50 or 70% of their maximal work load, beginning 45 min after a steak meal. Compared with a control study during which subjects sat on the bicycle without exercising, exercise had no significant effect on the gastric acid secretory response to the meal (control, 31.9 +/- 8.3 mmol/120 min; exercise, 32.2 +/- 7.8 mmol/120 min) or on the amount of nonabsorbable meal marker that emptied from the stomach in 120 min (control, 88 +/- 3%; exercise, 87 +/- 4%). Increases in serum triglyceride levels after the meal were also unaffected by exercise, suggesting that absorption of dietary lipid was unimpaired by exercise. These studies indicate that strenuous exercise shortly after a meal has little effect on postprandial gastric secretory or motor function in humans.
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Eight Type 2 diabetic patients ate and prepared five different meals at home, taking each meal on two separate occasions. They measured their blood glucose just before eating and 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after the meal. The meals varied in energy and dietary fibre content and in the ratio (by energy) of carbohydrate to fat. Total energy content of the meals had little effect on the postprandial glycaemic responses nor were the responses reduced by meals with high dietary fibre content. The ratio of carbohydrate to fat did not significantly affect postprandial glycaemic responses when meals were low in fibre. However, postprandial glycaemic responses were significantly greater in the meal with a high ratio of carbohydrate to fat, high in fibre and low in energy compared with those after the equicaloric meal low in carbohydrate to fat ratio and low in fibre (area under the curve 683 ± 131 vs 306 ± 55 mmol ***I −1 min −1 , p <0.05). Fat intake of 35% of energy may be compatible with improved postprandial blood glucose concentrations. Many meal combinations need to be studied in order to provide reliable information for diabetic patients. The method outlined proved reproducible (within patient coefficient of variation 13%), easy to perform and inexpensive.
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The effect of bite size on ingestion rate, satiation, and meal size was studied in nine lean and nine obese women. On separate days, subjects were given one of three bite sizes of sandwiches and one of two bite sizes of bagels with cream cheese to eat in a laboratory lunch. Decreasing bite size significantly lowered ingestion rate for the whole meal. The effect was most pronounced at the beginning of meals. As bite size decreased from 15 to 5 g, the average ingestion rate decreased from (mean ± SEM) 19·4±2·0 to 15·9±2·0 g/min (p<0·001). The initial ingestion rate decreased from 30·0±2·9 to 19·6±1·7 g/min (p<0·001). The larger the bite size, the more quickly ingestion rate decelerated; by the end of meals, ingestion rate was not different across conditions. The decrease in ingestion rate with smaller bites was offset by an increase in meal duration, such that meal size did not differ across conditions. Eating behavior of lean and obese subjects was not different. There were individual differences related to ingestion rate, but these were not related to body weight nor to meal size. These results bring into question the recommendation of behavior therapists that obese people eat more slowly in order to eat less.
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Data suggest that nutrient order during a meal significantly impacts postprandial glucose and insulin excursions in type 2 diabetes, while its effects in prediabetes have not been reported. Fifteen participants with prediabetes consumed the same meal on 3 days in random order: carbohydrate first, followed 10 minutes later by protein and vegetables (CF); protein and vegetables first, followed 10 minutes later by carbohydrate (PVF); or vegetables first followed by protein and carbohydrate (VF). Blood was sampled for glucose and insulin measurements at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes. Incremental glucose peaks were similarly attenuated by >40% in the PVF and VF meal conditions compared with CF. The incremental area under the curve for glucose was 38.8% lower following the PVF meal order, compared with CF, and postprandial insulin excursions were significantly lower in the VF meal condition compared with CF. The CF meal pattern showed marked glycaemic variability whereas glucose levels were stable in the PVF and VF meal conditions. Food order presents a novel, simple behavioural strategy to reduce glycaemic excursions in prediabetes.
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Abstract An attempt was made to elucidate the mechanism whereby exercise facilitates postprandial lipid clearance. Two separate experiments examined the effects of mild and strenuous pre-meal exercise on postprandial lipemia among human male subjects. In each case, a high fat meal was consumed after a fasting blood sample was taken. Additional samples were drawn 3, 5, and 7 hr. following the meal on both a control and an experimental day. Optical density was employed as a measure of serum turbidity. Data were analyzed through analysis of variance. Strenuous pre-meal exercise appeared to hasten postprandial lipid clearance without affecting the magnitude of lipemia. Mild pre-meal exercise was seen to reduce the magnitude and duration of postprandial lipemia. These observations tend to negate the concept that exercise influences postprandial lipemia via digestive and/or absorptive mechanisms. It is hypothesized that gross differences in response to the high fat meal witnessed between the two experimental populations may be due to the variance in the mean ages of the groups.
Physical exercise
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