A Brief Review on the Evolution of Technology in Exercise and Sport in Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future
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One hundred years ago, insulin was first used to successfully lower blood glucose levels in young people living with what was then called juvenile diabetes. While insulin was not a cure for diabetes, it allowed individuals to resume a near normal life and have some freedom to eat more liberally and gain the strength they needed to live a more active lifestyle. Since then, a number of therapeutic and technical advances have arisen to further improve the health and wellbeing of individuals living with type 1 diabetes, allowing many to participate in sport at the local, regional, national or international level of competition. This review and commentary highlights some of the key advances in diabetes management in sport over the last 100 years since the discovery of insulin.Cite
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Hyperglycemia with or without blood glucose in diabetes range is an emerging finding not uncommonly encountered in patients with COVID-19. Increasingly, all evidence currently available hints that both new-onset hyperglycemia without diabetes and new-onset diabetes in COVID-19 is associated with a poorer outcome compared with normoglycemic individuals and people with pre-existing diabetes.
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak
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Insulin delivery
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The ability of insulin and some of its derivatives to compete with 125 I-insulin for the binding site in the membrane fraction prepared from the mammary gland of lactating mice is reported. The binding affinity decreased in the following order: insulin desoctapeptide-insulin tert-butyloxycarbonyl 3 -insulin tert-butyloxycarbonyl 2 -desoctapeptide-insulin. Insulin hexamethyl ester and its desoctapeptide in concentrations 5.5 . 10 -11 - 2 . 10 -5 M did not inhibit the binding of 125 I-insulin. The comparison of the ability to decrease the blood glucose level showed that tert-butyloxycarbonyl 3 -insulin had 5% of the activity of insulin and that the other derivatives had less than 0.5% of that of insulin.
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We previously used isolated adult rat hepatocyte cultures to study the ability of glucose to induce several hepatic mRNAs. However, we found that the optimal insulin concentration required to obtain the glucose effect was greater than 10,000 microU/ml. To test the hypothesis that the requirement for high concentrations of insulin in the culture was due to rapid loss of insulin in hepatocyte cultures, serial measurements of insulin were made at different media insulin concentrations (0-500,000 microU/ml) and glucose concentrations (5.5 and 2.75 mM). In addition, a dose-response relationship was established between media insulin concentrations and the pattern of mRNAs present in the hepatocytes determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of in vitro translation products. We found that at low insulin concentrations (less than 1000 microU/ml), greater than 80% of the insulin was lost to the glassware, whereas at high initial insulin concentrations, approximately 23% of the insulin was lost to the glassware. Placement of media into the hepatocyte culture led to further insulin disappearance with a half-life for insulin of 41.5 h at 10,000 microU/ml and 13.8 h at 100 microU/ml. We found 16 mRNAs were altered by insulin at 5.5 mM glucose and 9 mRNAs were changed by insulin at 27.5 mM glucose. After taking into consideration the distributional and metabolic losses of insulin, all but one mRNA responded to insulin within the physiologic range of portal insulin (less than 1-94 microU/ml). Our data indicate that the hepatocyte culture is an excellent model to study the physiologic effects of insulin on hepatic gene expression.
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Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder, which leads to many organ-specific complications. Patients with diabetes are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD in the context of diabetes (and this article) includes all forms of coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease. As per Diabetes UK, the NHS spends almost 10% of its budget on diabetes or related illness. As the increasing number of patients with diabetes has significantly increased the burden on the NHS, it is important to not only diagnose and treat them early, but also to reduce the development of complications through preventive measures. This article specifically looks at the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of the cardiovascular complications of diabetes.
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Objective To understand the status of diabetes cognition among COPD patients complicated with diabetes mellitus. Method Totally, 240 COPD patients complicated with diabetes mellitus were investigated by self- designed questionnaire about their knowledge of diabetes mellitus. Results There were significant differences between different gender patients in hypoglycemia symptoms and treatment principles( P 0. 01),among different age patients in diabetes mellitus causes,clinical manifestation and complications,treatment( P 0. 01 or P 0. 05). There were significant differences between among different education background patients in correlation between long- term using glucocorticoid and diabetes and diabetes treatment( P 0. 01 or P 0. 05),among different COPD stages patients in correlation between long- term using glucocorticoid and diabetes,diabetes mellitus causes,hypoglycemia symptoms and treatment principles,diabetes treatment( P 0. 01 or P 0. 05). There were significant differences between different diabetes stages patients in diabetes mellitus causes,clinical manifestation and complications,hypoglycemia symptoms and treatment principles,diabetes treatment( P 0. 01 or P 0. 05). Conclusion The diabetes related health education for COPD patients should be specific according to their situations,in order to control the glucose,promote the prognosis and improve their self- control of glucose.
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Diabetes is associated with poor clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the impact of newly diagnosed diabetes on prognosis has not been clarified. The objective of this study was to show the features and outcome of COVID-19 patients with newly diagnosed diabetes in Japan.
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Abstract We estimated effects of diabetes mellitus and metabolic control on long-term change in coronal caries and restorative status using 11-year-follow-up data from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania. Data of 3731 participants with baseline and 5- and 11-year follow-up information were included. Diabetes was defined via self-reported physician´s diagnosis or intake of glucose-lowering drugs or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥6.5% or fasting blood glucose levels ≥11.1 mmol/l. The diabetes status was defined as no diabetes (HbA1c < 6.5% or non-fasting blood glucose <11.1 mmol/l), subjects with known or undetected diabetes mellitus and HbA1c ≤ 7% (well-controlled diabetes), and subjects with known or undetected diabetes mellitus and HbA1c > 7% (poorly-controlled diabetes). The caries status was clinically assessed using the half-mouth method and the Decayed Missing Filled Surfaces (DMFS) index and its component scores were determined. Covariate-adjusted linear mixed models were evaluated. Rates in change in DMFS were significantly higher in subjects with poorly-controlled diabetes compared to subjects without diabetes. Subjects with poorly- and well-controlled diabetes had significantly higher rates in change in Missing Surfaces (MS) compared to subjects without diabetes. For the DFS, rates in change were significantly lower for subjects with well-controlled diabetes and higher for subjects with poorly-controlled diabetes as compared to subjects without diabetes. Concordantly, all rates in change increased proportional to HbA1c levels. Effects were even more pronounced in subjects with diabetes duration of ≥5 years. Subjects with poorly-controlled diabetes are at higher risk for caries progression compared to subjects without diabetes, especially in case of longer disease duration.
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