[Preliminary application of transoral robotic thyroidectomy: experience from an initial 30 cases].
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Objective: To examine the surgical outcome of transoral robotic thyroidectomy. Methods: Clinic data of total 30 cases of transoral robotic thyroidectomy at the Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the 960th Hospital of People's Liberation Army from May 2020 to December 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 3 males and 27 females, aged (31.5±11.0) years (range: 17 to 55 years), including 6 cases of benign tumor and 24 cases of malignant cancer (all papillary thyroid carcinoma). An inverted U-shaped incision 1.5 cm in length was made over the end of the frenulum of the lower lip. A wide subplatysmal space was created by bluntly passing with a vascular tunneller (8 mm diameter), and a 12 mm trocar was inserted through the lip incision for the camera port. Lateral oral mucosal incisions 8 mm in length were made near both lateral labial commissures, 8 mm robot trocars were inserted through the incisions. An 5 mm trocar was inserted through an incision made along the patient's right axillary fold into the subplatysmal working space and was connected with 5 mm ProGrasp for counter traction during the operation and for later drain insertion. Numerical scoring system (NSS) was used to assess cosmetic effect 1 month post-operation. Results: All the 30 transoral robotic thyroidectomies was successful, no case conversed to open operation. Postoperative hospital stay was (6.3±1.2) days (range: 4 to 10 days). The tumor size of thyroid cancers was (5.3±3.0) mm (range: 2 to 15 mm). Lymph node metastasis was observed in 12 cases. The retrieved central lymph node number was 10.5±4.4 (range: 4 to 20), while the central metastatic lymph node number was 2(2) (range: 1 to 11). Postoperative transient hypoparathyroidism occurred in 2 cases. Permanent hypoparathyroidism and vocal cord palsy didn't occur. Other surgical complications included hematoma, surgical site infection and perforation of chin flap, retrospectively in 1 case. Local regional lymph node recurrence wasn't developed during 1 to 7 months follow-up. All patients were satisfied with the postoperative cosmetic outcomes,NSS was 9.4±0.8 (range: 8.7 to 9.6). Conclusion: Transoral robotic thyroidectomy is safe and effective, suitable for early thyroid cancers without lateral lymph node metastasis, and has superior cosmetic results when the patients are selected carefully.目的： 探讨经口腔前庭入路机器人甲状腺手术的安全性和有效性。 方法： 回顾性分析联勤保障部队第九六〇医院甲状腺乳腺外科2020年5月至2020年12月连续收治的30例行经口腔前庭入路机器人甲状腺手术患者的临床资料。男性3例，女性27例，年龄（31.5±11.0）岁（范围：17~55岁）。甲状腺良性肿瘤6例，恶性肿瘤24例。观察孔位于下唇系带前方远离牙龈根部1 cm处，第1、2操作孔位于双侧第一前磨牙根部水平靠近唇侧处，分别连接双极马里兰钳和超声刀，第3操作孔位于右侧腋窝皱襞处，连接5 mm精细操作钳。术后1个月采用视觉数字评分系统评估美容效果满意度。 结果： 30例患者均完成手术，无中转开放手术。甲状腺癌患者的病理类型均为甲状腺乳头状癌，肿瘤最大径（5.3±3.0）mm（范围：2~15 mm）。中央区淋巴结清扫数目（10.5±4.4）枚（范围：4~20枚），其中12例中央区淋巴结转移阳性。2例患者术后发生暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退，无永久性甲状旁腺功能减退和喉返神经损伤。其他术后并发症包括血肿1例，感染1例，颏下皮肤穿孔1例，未发生颏神经损伤。术后住院时间（6.3±1.2）d（范围：4~10 d）。经过1~7个月随访，患者未发生局部淋巴结复发或转移。所有患者均对术后美容效果满意，视觉数字评分为（9.4±0.8）分（范围：8.7~9.6分）。 结论： 对于严格筛选的早期甲状腺癌患者，经口腔前庭入路机器人甲状腺手术安全可行，美容效果较好。.Keywords:
Areola
Nodule (geology)
Medullary carcinoma
Thyroid Nodules
Thorax (insect anatomy)
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Thyroid surgery presents a low incidence of complications. Death is certainly a rare, or even exceptional event. Hypoparathyroidism, above all if definitive, is the main complication of total thyroidectomy with percentages that very between 0 and 10% in the literature (average 2%).The incidence of recurrent lesions varies between an improbable 0% to 8%, whereas lesions to the superior laryngeal nerve are relatively frequent, but often undervalued. Dysphagia, although always transient, presents a high risk of pneumonia ab ingestis and severe dehydration. Hemorrhage has an incidence of 0.1-3.8% and infection is reported in approximately 1% of cases. The permanent and recurrence nature of thyroid pathology in literature is between 5 and 11%, resulting from inadequate or sometimes useless surgery. Hypothyroidism is the logical consequence of total thyroidectomy. In the light of these data we have re-examined 300 operations involving thyroid pathology performed by the same team using the same method over the past 4 years (82% females, 18% males). 33% of the cases presented benign euthyroid nodular pathology, 27% hyperfunctioning benign nodular pathology, 2.6% Flajani-Basedow-Graves disease, 9% were adenomas, 7% were differentiated carcinomas, 2% anaplastic carcinomas and 0.7% medullary carcinomas. 99 extracapsular total loboisthmectomies, 135 total extracapsular thyroidectomies and 66 subtotal thyroidectomies were performed.The following complications were observed: 31/300 symptomatic hypocalcemias of which 25 were transient and 6 (2%) were definitive but easily controlled with treatment; 9 recurrent monoplegias out of 501 isolated recurrent forms of which 4 (0.8%) was permanent; 5/300 (1.7%) postoperative dysphagias associated with recurrent monoplegia in 4 cases. Damage to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve was suspected in 11/300 cases (3.7%). Postoperative hemorrhage occurred with an incidence of 1.3%, whereas the incidence of wound infection and serous collection was 1.7%. Moreover, persistent hyperthyroidism after subtotal bilateral thyroidectomy was observed secondary to toxic plurinodular struma. A case of paralysis of the right ulnar nerve, when the arm was adducted, was observed on the operating table, but regressed after about 4 months. Mortality was zero.Thyroid surgery is still hampered by a relatively low percentage of complications, which are probably still the result of various technical limitations, and it appears difficult to reduce these, let alone eliminate them completely.
Hypoparathyroidism
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Objectives: To determine frequency of malignancy in specimens of multi nodular goiter tissue after subtotal thyroidectomy.
Methodology: Specimens of whole thyroid were preserved in formalin solution, coded with patient data and submitted for histo-pathological examination.
Results. Out of 200 specimens, 19 were reported as carcinoma, with frequency as papillary 57.89%, follicular 21.05%, medullary 15.78% and anaplastic, 5.26% .
Conclusion. Chance of malignancy is always there in benign thyroid disease.
Medullary carcinoma
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Of 287 consecutive patients, surgically treated at our department for benign, nontoxic goitre during a six-year period, 261 could be followed up, on average, 8.0 years postoperatively. Unilateral surgical procedures had been used in 199 patients, subtotal thyroidectomy in 62. 29 patients were treated with thyroxine (T4) immediately postoperatively ("recurrence prophylaxis"); in the other patients thyroxine was only given in cases of hypothyroidism (significant increase of s-TSH). 26 patients had a goitre recurrence 0.5-10 years after surgery; of these 3 had got T4 as "recurrence prophylaxis" and 23 had not. There was no significant difference between patients with and without T4 postoperatively regarding the rate of recurrence. Of 55 patients treated with subtotal thyroidectomy, 33 had postoperative latent (n = 26) or manifest (n = 7) hypothyroidism. Only 13 of 177 patients operated on unilaterally developed hypothyroidism; two of these had Hashimoto's thyroiditis. All cases of hypothyreosis except 4 were detected within the first 12 months of follow-up. This study indicates that routine use of thyroxine as prophylaxis against recurrence after surgery for benign nontoxic goitre can be strongly questioned and that the risk of hypothyroidism is high after subtotal thyroidectomy.
Subtotal thyroidectomy
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To find out the morbidity of reoperation for thyroid disease, and discuss its complications and the risk factors associated with it.Retrospective study. Incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and hypoparathyroidism. This paper reported 43 cases underwent secondary thyroidectomy during the year from 1997 to 2001 in our hospital. Frozen sections were done in all cases during the operations.Of the 43 cases, the initial frozen sections pathologic diagnosis were benign diseases in 30 cases, but their last pathologic diagnosis were malignant change after the first operation. Complications were 6 transient palsy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, 2 patients developed permanent unilateral palsy and one temporary hypoparathyroidism.Frozen section helps to raise the accuracy of diagnosis. Secondary thyroidectomy can be avoided by selecting suitable types of operations. Subtotal thyroidectomy of benign nodular thyroid will be good for preventing recurrence. Secondary thyroidectomy should be safe procedure. Because of the high risk of complications reoperations for thyroid gland disease should be done only if the patient cannot be treated in other ways.
Hypoparathyroidism
Thyroid disease
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Airway obstruction
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Nerve Injury
Superior laryngeal nerve
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Generally, the classification of thyroidectomy as benign pathology is: multinodular toxic goitre, simple goitre, toxic adenoma, Base-dow disease, Hashimoto's tyroiditis Subtotal thyroidectomy provides for the removal of the gland except for a bilateral residue of about 6-10 g, near total thyroidectomy provides for the near total removal of the gland except for a residue inferior to 5 grams. Near total thyroidectomy has taken the place of the subtotal thyroidectomy.In two years, in our institute, there have been exeuted: 96 near total thyrodectomies, 96 total thyroidetomies, 8 lobectomies ad two revues for recurrencies.In 2 cases there have been haemorrhagies after nearly total thyroidetomy. Only in 1 case we practiced tracheotomy for follicular carcinoma infiltering thiroidic cartilage. In 2 cases treated with nearly total thyroidetomy and in 4 cases treated with total thyroidetomy, there has been temporary hypoparathyroidism. In no case treared wih nearly total thyroidetomy and in 2 cases treated with total thyroidetomy, there has been permanent hypo-parathyroidism. In 5 cases treated with total thyroidetomy and in no case treated with nearly total thyroidetomy, there has been, monolateral, temporary paralysis of the inferior laryngeal nerve that solved in 6 months for 3 patients and in 2 months for 2 patients.There has not been permanent paralysis of the mono or bilateral inferior laryngeal nerve. Even if the surgical approach to the benign disease is now orientated to the total thyroidectomy, a more conservative surgery is, in our opinion, justified when a malignant pathology is excluded and considering also the low effect of recurrencies and hypothyroidism.
Multinodular goitre
Hypoparathyroidism
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