Toad egg-like bismuth nanoparticles encapsulated in an N-doped carbon microrod via supercritical acetone as anodes in lithium-ion batteries
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Carbon fibers
At elevated temperatures and pressures substances may become supercritical. Supercritical fluids have properties resembling both gasses and liquids, meaning that these fluids are interesting for various applications. This work describes some general aspects of the supercritical phase and the properties of near and supercritical water. The properties of supercritical water are related to the changes in dielectric constant, auto-dissociation of water and the significant decrease in the degree of hydrogen bonding at supercritical conditions. Keywords: Supercritical water, phase transitions, hydrogen bonding
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By techniques of one-step and two-step carbonization, and capped and uncapped carbonization, the pyrolysis on the thinning wood of Chinese fir, one of the fastest growing tree species in south China, was carried out. With special focus on the variation of Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction analysis of carbonized materials under different carbonization conditions, comprehensive analyses of charcoals were conducted. Results show that, with temperature rising, the graphite-like microcrystal and carbon atoms at the edge of graphite-like microcrystal increase rapidly. As a result, the hexagon carbon plane structure in carbonized material keeps growing. Moreover, the experiments reveal that carbonization condition has great effects on the property and structure of carbonized material, and 700 degrees C is the critical temperature at which the qualitative change of carbonized material occurs. Furthermore, formation and growth of graphite-like microcrystal in carbonized material, two-step method is more beneficial than one-step method, uncapped container carbonization method is better than the capped one, and using air as atmosphere gas is better than using N2. Samples with longer holding time in the process of carbonization enjoy higher graphitization extent.
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Supercritical water oxidation
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The latest development in supercritical fluid technology and its applications were reviewed in this paper,with the emphasis placed on the supercritical fluid extract (CSCFE) and two recently developed processes of preparing micro-particles by supercritical fluid technology,the rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process and the supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) process.
Supercritical fluid extraction
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Supercritical fluid extraction
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Supercritical fluid extraction
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The use of supercritical fluids as media for the formation of particles is a recent development. Three kinds of methods to prepare ultrafine particles by supercritical fluids are described, including rapid expansion from supercritical solution, supercritical anti-solvent precipitation and particles from gas-saturated solutions. Principles and characteristics of the three ways and progress in application of supercritical solution precipitation are introduced.
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