Comparative spectral tuning and fluctuation analysis of an all-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer and micro Mach–Zehnder interferometer
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An unequal-arm Mach–Zehnder interferometer has been developed in which interference fringes are formed as a result of the passage of a nonparallel homocentric pencil of rays through the interferometer. The scale of the interference fringes relative to the test object or the optical inhomogeneities is controlled by simply replacing the lens of the coherent illuminating system or by displacing the object in the arm of the interferometer. This allows the interferometer to be made in the form of a monolithic structure. A technique is proposed for using the interferometer to determine the change of the optical thickness of dichroic liquid-crystal transparencies when they are switched by an external electric field.
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A fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer with multimode fibers has been constructed, in which the fringe shift is detected by a spatial filtering detector. In this interferometer, throughput is much greater than in interferometers using single-mode fibers, but speckles disturb detection of the fringe shift. We have overcome this disadvantage by computer software; the interferometer measured temperature and a sensitivity of 72.3 +/- 1.2 fringes/ degrees C . m was obtained.
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A common path interferometer utilizing noncritically phase-matched frequency doubling crystals is presented. The interference pattern is directly sensitive to the wave front shape (as the Mach-Zehnder interferometer) and is in the second harmonic of the laser source. This interferometer has twice the sensitivity of a two-beam interferometer. All the optics are 100% transmitting—no beam splitters, the contrast is adjustable, and the laser intensity pattern is not affected by the interferometer. This interferometer is similar in some ways to the point diffraction interferometer, and the two are compared in this paper. A theory of operation is given, although the reference wave of the interferometer is flatter than predicted. Several possible reasons for this are examined, but no conclusion was found.
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Beam splitter
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A relatively simple method is described for adjustment of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer for parallel image planes and for white light fringes. Auxiliary apparatus required consists of one plane mirror and one pinhole, which may be incorporated as permanent parts of the interferometer.
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We tested such properties of single-mode and multimode fiber optics that are relevant for use in a long-baseline astronomical interferometer, and we give quantitative values for modulation, transmission, and stability of the fiber optics as measured in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer configuration. Only polarization-maintaining single-mode fibers gave satisfying results. Good preservation of modulation and ease of beam combining are strong features of these fibers, whereas the light losses that are due to imperfect coupling may present a serious problem.
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A pair of light quanta with different colors (155.9-nm difference in center wavelength) generated from parametric down-conversion was injected collinearly into one input port of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Coincidence interference behavior was studied over a wide range of optical path differences of the interferometer. A measurement of 75% interference visibility with oscillation of the pump frequency for a large optical path difference of the interferometer (43 cm) is the signature of a quantum two-photon entangled state, which reflects both particle and wave nature of the light quanta in one experiment.
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A high-visibility integrated optofluidic Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on liquid-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides is reported. The device's geometry has been optimized to minimize the intensity imbalance between the two arms for highly unbalanced Mach-Zehnder configurations. This results in a very compact device with a total length of only 2.5 mm and with required liquid volume of about 0.16 nl. High visibility is demonstrated for two interferometers corresponding to different sensing lengths. The devices have been optically characterized, and the measured interference fringes in the transmitted spectra show good agreement with the theoretical ones.
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A biprism is used to combine identical spatially incoherent wavefronts that have been split by an amplitude splitting interferometer such as the Mach-Zehnder. The performance of this composite interferometer is evaluated by tracing the chief ray through parallel optical systems using Snell's law and trigonometry. Fringes formed in spatially incoherent light with this optical system are compared with those formed using the Mach-Zehnder and grating interferometers. It is shown that the combination can exhibit extended source fringe formation capability greatly exceeding that of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
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We present the design and performances of a broadband 1 × 2 mode-independent thermo-optic (TO) switch based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with multimode interferometer (MMI). The MZI adopts a Y-branch structure as the 3-dB power splitter and a MMI as the coupler, which are designed to be insensitive to the guided modes. By optimizing the structural parameters of the waveguides, mode-independent transmission and switching functions for E11 and E12 modes can be implemented in the C + L band, and the mode content of the outputs is the same as the mode content of the inputs. We proved the working principle of our design based on polymer platform, which was fabricated by using ultraviolet lithography and wet-etching methods. The transmission characteristics for E11 and E12 modes were also analyzed. With the driving power of 5.9 mW, the measured extinction ratios of the switch for E11 and E12 modes are larger than 13.3 dB and 13.1 dB, respectively, over a wavelength range of 1530 nm to 1610 nm. The insertion losses of the device are 11.7 dB and 14.2 dB for E11 and E12 modes, respectively, at 1550 nm wavelength. The switching times of the device are less than 840 µs. The presented mode-independent switch can be applied in reconfigurable mode-division multiplexing systems.
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