Prevalence, severity, and relationships of multiple gross pathologies measured in beef cattle at slaughter
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A wide array of management tools and interventions exist within the beef industry to improve animal welfare and productivity; however, the ability to monitor and assess the outcomes of those tools is lacking. Thus, a multifaceted system to observe life-cycle health and well-being of beef cattle was designed and implemented to provide producers with real-time data on cattle health and productivity. In beef cattle production systems, deficiencies in management most commonly manifest themselves as cattle with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) or nutritional disorders such as acidosis; therefore, lung, liver, and rumen gross pathology lesions present in beef cattle at slaughter were measured and their associations with performance determined.Keywords:
Beef Cattle
Bovine Respiratory Disease
Cattle Diseases
Six hundred sixty-five crossbred beef heifers initially weighing 225 kg were used in a completely randomized design to measure plasma glucose, lactate, and urea N concentrations at time of initial processing, determine the incidence of apparent bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in receiving cattle, and evaluate the effect of apparent BRD on subsequent cattle growth and carcass characteristics. Heifers were processed within 24 h of arrival, and processing included vaccination against common viral and clostridial diseases, recording rectal temperature, and sampling whole blood for subsequent measurement of plasma glucose, lactate, and urea concentrations. Heifers were monitored for clinical signs of apparent BRD, including depression, lethargy, anorexia, coughing, rapid breathing, and nasal or ocular discharge. Heifers exhibiting signs of apparent BRD received antibiotic therapy, and the number of times a heifer was treated for apparent BRD was recorded. Following the 36-d receiving period, heifers were transported to native grass pastures and allowed to graze for 136 d. At the end of the grazing season, heifers were transported to a commercial feedlot where they were adapted to a common finishing diet offered for ad libitum consumption. Following the 124-d finishing period, heifers were slaughtered and carcass data were collected. Heifers treated for apparent BRD had decreased plasma glucose (linear, P < 0.01), lactate (linear, P < 0.01), and urea N concentrations (linear, P < 0.06) measured at time of initial processing. Rectal temperature measured at time of initial processing tended to be greater (linear, P < 0.11) for heifers treated for apparent BRD. Heifers treated for apparent BRD during the receiving period had decreased overall ADG (linear, P < 0.10), final BW (linear, P < 0.01), HCW (linear, P < 0.01), fat thickness (linear, P < 0.01), and marbling score (linear, P < 0.03). These data suggest that initial plasma glucose and lactate concentrations might be affected by the health status of receiving cattle and that increased incidence of apparent BRD in cattle decreases ADG and carcass quality.
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Our objective was to determine the effects of preshipping (PRE) vs. arrival (ARR) medication with tilmicosin phosphate (MIC; Exp. 1 and 2) and feeding chlortetracycline (CTC; 22 mg/kg of BW from d 5 to 9; Exp. 2) on health and performance of beef calves received in the feedlot. Ninety-six steers (Exp. 1; pay weight 236 kg) and 240 (Exp. 2; average pay weight 188 kg) steer and bull calves were used. For Exp. 1, treatments included no MIC (CON), PRE, and ARR. For Exp. 2, treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial. Treatments included CON, PRE, and ARR, either with CTC or without CTC. For Exp. 2, serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were determined on samples collected on d 0, 5, 10, and 28 and d 0, 5, and 10, respectively. No MIC × CTC interactions were observed. No differences were noted among MIC or CTC treatments in any of the experiments for ADG, daily DMI, or gain:feed ratio for the overall receiving periods. For Exp. 1, percentage of steers treated for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was decreased (P < .05) for MIC-treated animals vs CON (71.9, 45.2, and 46.9 for CON, PRE, and ARR, respectively), and the week that calves were treated for BRD differed (P < .10) among treatments. For Exp. 2, the number of calves treated for BRD was decreased (P < .01) for MIC-treated steers vs CON and decreased (P < .05) for ARR vs. PRE (40.0, 18.7, and 7.5% for CON, PRE, and ARR, respectively). Averaged across days, serum IgG was decreased (P < .05) for MIC-treated steers vs. CON, with no differences noted among treatments for AGP. Results suggest that preshipping medication programs are no more effective than arrival medication programs using tilmicosin phosphate.
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Abstract Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a major health issue in feedlot cattle negatively impacting growth performance and profitability. NutraGen (NG, Phibro Animal Health) is an immunomodulatory feed additive with demonstrated benefits in supporting the immune system in cattle during periods of stress. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feeding NG on incidence of BRD during the receiving phase and the carryover performance during the full days on feed in a mixed population of feedlot cattle. Over 4 weeks, 5,125 head of mixed breeds and sex cattle from 4 regions in Argentina were weighed at arrival and assigned to treatment, CON (no NG, n=2,391) or NG (9 g/100 kg BW, n=2,734). Cattle were fed the treatments during the 30-d pre-conditioning phase only, and health and performance measurements recorded. Multivariant linear regression analysis was used to estimate the main effect of treatment. Cattle within treatment were further stratified by travel distance. After controlling for breed, sex, arrival body weight (BW), and pen size, NG cattle were 2.3% less likely to contract BRD (P< 0.01), 2.1% less likely to be discarded (P< 0.01), and gained 7.3 kg more BW than CON. NG had a greater impact on cattle that traveled longer distances. NG fed cattle traveling 630-880 km to the feedlot were 7.2% less likely to contract BRD (P< 0.01), 7.5% less likely to be discarded (P< 0.01) and gained 8.5 kg more BW compared with CON. NG fed cattle traveling over 880 km (n=1219) were 8.8% less likely to contract BRD (P=0.02), 8.7% less likely to be discarded (P< 0.01) and gained 17.5 kg more BW (P< 0.01) than CON cattle. These data support the use of NG supplementation during the pre-conditioning feedlot period to improve health and performance, especially for cattle transported over long distances.
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Abstract Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) of cattle has been recognized for many decades. While the pathogenesis and risk factors for this condition in pastured cattle are relatively well characterized, there remains a poor understanding of the disease as it occurs in intensively fed cattle such as in beef feedlots. Specifically, in pastured cattle, AIP results from excessive ruminal production of the pneumotoxicant 3-methylindole (3-MI). In feedlot cattle, the evidence to substantiate the role of 3-MI is comparatively deficient and further investigations into the cause, pathogenesis, and control are sorely needed. This review highlights our current understanding of AIP with a focus on the disease as it occurs in feedlot cattle. Additionally, it illustrates the need for further work in understanding the specific animal factors (e.g. the ruminal microbiome, and the role of concurrent diseases), management factors (e.g. animal stocking and vaccination protocols), and dietary factors (e.g. dietary supplements) that may impact the development of AIP and which are relatively unique to the feedlot setting. All stakeholders in the beef industry stand to benefit from a greater understanding of what remains a pressing yet poorly understood issue in beef production.
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Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most common and costly diseases of beef cattle. Much research has been conducted to understand prevention, treatment, and economic impacts of this syndrome. Impacts from BRD occur in multiple phases of the beef industry including both pre- and post-weaned calves. This disease causes negative impacts due to production losses, treatment costs, and cattle mortality. The large scope of BRD impacts merits further research on effective prevention and intervention technologies to limit deleterious impacts to the cattle industry.
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Five datasets from Canada, Oklahoma, Illinois, and Nebraska were used to determine the impact of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) on performance, with emphasis on dry matter intake (DMI) and feed to gain ratio (F:G). Data included pens and individually fed cattle. In general, cattle treated for BRD had lower DMI and average daily gain (ADG) with little to no effect on F:G. When BRD occured early in the feeding period (<30 days), little change in performance was observed.
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One hundred eight Angus × Hereford steers, originating from 7 cow-calf were obtained from an auction yard on d -2 and transported by road (800 km; 12 h) to an experimental feedlot facility. Upon arrival on d -1, shrunk BW was recorded and steers were grouped with free-choice access to grass hay, mineral supplement, and water. On d 0, steers were ranked by source and shrunk BW and assigned to 1 of 18 pens (6 steers/pen). Pens were allocated to 1) no immunomodulatory ingredient supplementation during feedlot receiving (CON), 2) supplementation with OmniGen-AF (OMN; 22 g/steer daily, as-fed basis; Phibro Animal Health Corp., Teaneck, NJ) from d 0 to 30, or 3) 2 oral capsules of Stocker Immune Primer on d 0 + 15 g/steer daily (as-fed basis) of Stocker Preconditioned Premix (Ramaekers Nutrition, Santa Cruz, CA) from d 7 to 30 (IPF). From d 0 to 80, steers had free-choice access to grass hay and water and received a corn-based concentrate. Feed DMI was recorded from each pen, and steers were assessed for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs daily. Steers were vaccinated against BRD pathogens on d 0 and 21. Final shrunk BW was recorded on d 81, and blood samples were collected on d 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 31, 42, 56, and 73. Steer ADG and final BW were greater ( ≤ 0.05) in CON steers than in OMN and IPF steers (1.23, 0.76, and 1.06 kg/d [SEM 0.06], respectively, and 320, 282, and 307 kg [SEM 4], respectively) and ( < 0.01) in IPF steers than in OMN steers. No treatment effects were detected ( ≥ 0.76) for BRD incidence (66 ± 4%) and DMI, whereas G:F was greater ( < 0.01) in OMN steers than in CON steers. Mean plasma cortisol concentration was greater ( = 0.01) in CON steers than in OMN and IPF steers. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations tended ( = 0.10) to be greater in CON steers than in IPF steers on d 3, were greater ( = 0.04) in IPF steers than in CON steers on d 7, and tended ( = 0.10) to be less in OMN steers than in IPF and CON steers on d 21. Blood mRNA expression of was greater ( ≤ 0.05) in OMN and IPF steers than in CON steers on d 3 and in OMN steers than in CON and IPF steers on d 14. Blood mRNA expression of was greater ( ≤ 0.05) in OMN and IPF steers than in CON steers on d 10. Plasma IGF-I concentrations, serum antibody titers to BRD pathogens, and blood mRNA expression of , , , and did not differ ( ≥ 0.21) among treatments. Collectively, the immunomodulatory feed ingredients evaluated herein impacted adrenocortical and innate immune responses but failed to mitigate BRD incidence and improve performance of receiving cattle.
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Health and production of feedlot cattle following supplementation with urea–molasses in starter pens
To determine the effect of providing a urea-molasses supplement to cattle during feedlot introduction on average daily gain, carcase weight and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) morbidity and mortality.Commercial mixed sex, mixed breed cattle (387.4 ± 0.2 kg) were systematically allocated to receive 2.1 L/animal of urea-molasses during feedlot introduction (n = 2307) or remain untreated (n = 2336). Cattle remained in the feedlot for an average of 40 days until reaching slaughter weight. Body weight data was collected prior to feedlot induction and all cases of BRD morbidity and mortality were determined during feeding. Hot standard carcase weight and P8 fat thickness were determined at slaughter.Average daily gain (1.94 ± 0.06 vs 1.93 ± 0.06, P = 0.650), BRD incidence (6.46% vs 5.53%, P = 0.183) and BRD mortality (0.17% vs 0.21%, P = 0.752) did not differ between supplemented and unsupplemented cattle. The BRD incidence was higher (P = 0.017) when cattle without permanent incisors were supplemented with urea-molasses (7.26%) compared with unsupplemented cattle (5.26%), and was also higher in steers compared with heifers (12.7% vs 7.8%, P < 0.001) and higher in cattle purchased from saleyards compared with cattle purchased off paddocks (12.4% vs 5.7%, P < 0.001).Health and production were not significantly improved following supplementation of cattle with urea-molasses during feedlot introduction. BRD incidence was, however, significantly related to cattle sex and source. Further research is required to understand the relationship between feeding high non-protein nitrogen sources and BRD morbidity in young cattle.
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A wide array of management tools and interventions exist within the beef industry to improve animal welfare and productivity; however, the ability to monitor and assess the outcomes of those tools is lacking. Thus, a multifaceted system to observe life-cycle health and well-being of beef cattle was designed and implemented to provide producers with real-time data on cattle health and productivity. In beef cattle production systems, deficiencies in management most commonly manifest themselves as cattle with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) or nutritional disorders such as acidosis; therefore, lung, liver, and rumen gross pathology lesions present in beef cattle at slaughter were measured and their associations with performance determined.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tulathromycin as a bovine respiratory disease (BRD) metaphylactic treatment on rumen fluid parameters in feedlot cattle in an intensive livestock production farm. One hundred beef cattle, immediately after housing, were divided in 2 equal groups: 50 animals with metaphylactic treatment against BRD (treated group; tulathromycin at 2.5 mg/kg BW) and 50 animals with placebo treatment (control group). Rumen fluid samples were collected from each animal by rumenocentesis in 3 periods: 1 d (T1), 8 d (T8), and 15 d (T15) after treatment. Rumen pH was determined by ruminal fluid using portable pH meter. Total volatile fatty acids (total VFA) were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All animals were singularly weighed at T1 and T15. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine significant effects of treatment (treated group versus control group) and period (T1, T8, and T15) on rumen fluid parameters and body weight. No clinical signs of BRD or other related diseases were recorded during the periods of study from any animal. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between treated group and control group for mean values of ruminal pH (6.02 versus 5.89) and total VFA (5.84 versus 5.13) at 8 d after treatment. The weight gain (Δ) showed an average increase of 8.6 kg in treated group (P < 0.05). The trends of ruminal pH and VFA values suggest an effect of tulathromycin as BRD metaphylactic treatment on the modulation of rumen fermentation, particularly 8 d after administration. L’objectif de cet étude a été l’évaluation des effets de l’utilisation de la tulathromycine comme traitement metaphylactique contre le syndrome «Bovine Respiratory Disease» (BRD) sur les paramètres du liquide ruminal chez les veaux d’engraissement en un élevage intensif. Cent veaux de boucherie ont été divisés en deux groups juste après la stabulation: 50 animaux ont reçu le traitement metaphylactique contre le BRD (group traité; 2,5 mg/kg PC de tulathromycine) et 50 animaux ont reçu un traitement placebo (group control). Les échantillons de liquide ruminal ont été prélevés sur chaque animal par ruminocentèse en trois moments : le premier jour (T1), 8 jours (T8) et 15 jours (T15) après le traitement. Le pH du rumen a été déterminé sur le liquide ruminal en utilisant un pH-mètre portable. Les acides gras volatiles totaux (AGV totaux) ont été évalués par chromatographie liquide à haute performance (CLHP). Tous les animaux ont étés pesés singulièrement au T1 et au T15. Les effets statistiquement significatifs du traitement (group traité versus group control) et du temps (T1, T8 et T15) sur les paramètres du liquide ruminal et sur le poids corporel ont été déterminés en appliquant l’analyse de la variance à deux facteurs (ANOVA). Pendant toutes les périodes d’étude aucun animal a montré de signes cliniques de BRD ou d’autres maladies. Différences statistiquement significatives (P < 0,05) ont étés trouvées entre le group traité et le group control en ce qui concerne les valeurs moyennes du pH ruminal (6,02 versus 5,89) e des AGV totaux (5,84 versus 5,13) 8 jours après le traitement. Le group traité a montré une augmentation moyenne de 8,6 kg du gain de poids (Δ) (P < 0,05). Les tendances des valeurs du pH ruminal et des AGV totaux suggèrent un effet de la tulathromycine comme traitement metaphylactique contre la BRD sur la modulation de la fermentation ruminal, surtout 8 jours après l’administration.(Traduit par les auteurs).
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