pDeep3: Toward More Accurate Spectrum Prediction with Fast Few-Shot Learning
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Spectrum prediction using deep learning has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Although existing deep learning methods have dramatically increased the prediction accuracy, there is still considerable space for improvement, which is presently limited by the difference of fragmentation types or instrument settings. In this work, we use the few-shot learning method to fit the data online to make up for the shortcoming. The method is evaluated using ten data sets, where the instruments includes Velos, QE, Lumos, and Sciex, with collision energies being differently set. Experimental results show that few-shot learning can achieve higher prediction accuracy with almost negligible computing resources. For example, on the data set from a untrained instrument Sciex-6600, within about 10 s, the prediction accuracy is increased from 69.7% to 86.4%; on the CID (collision-induced dissociation) data set, the prediction accuracy of the model trained by HCD (higher energy collision dissociation) spectra is increased from 48.0% to 83.9%. It is also shown that, the method is not critical to data quality and is sufficiently efficient to fill the accuracy gap. The source code of pDeep3 is available at http://pfind.ict.ac.cn/software/pdeep3.Keywords:
Fragmentation
Data set
Abstract Fragmentation patterns under electron impact of selected (η 5 ‐cyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylacyliron complexes were studied. Fragmentation pathways were confirmed using accurate mass measurements and B / E = constant and mass‐analysed ion kinetic energy fragment ion spectra.
Fragmentation
Cyclopentadienyl complex
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Collision is one of the common accidents during the lifetime of deep sea submersibles. Now scholars have paid more and more attention to research on collision strength. The FEM is adopted to simulate the collision between two submersibles in this paper. Based on the research on some key collision indices, plastic energy absorption, collision force and critical collision speed, the approach of assessing collision strength was obtained. Besides, we discuss the motion lag of the submersibles and consider the impact of some collision parameters, such as water pressure, impact position, angle, and radius of indenter. Finally, some significant conclusions were made.
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Abstract Electron impact mass spectra of five new compounds are reported. Under electron impact conditions all five compounds yielded abundant fragment ions and lower abundances of molecular ions. Apart from the expected i ‐and α‐cleavages, three additional unusual fragmentation processes were observed. The proposed fragmentation mechanisms were supported by D‐labeling experiments, accurate mass measurements, and mass‐analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation
Mass
Collision-induced dissociation
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For more improvement of the collision safety, it is necessary that not only collision safety evaluation and measure at the primary collision, which is the accident between the vehicles at the first collision, but also collision safety evaluation at the secondary collision, which is another accident occurred by subsequence collision. However, collision experiment and safety measure, which is considered to secondary collision, are not sufficiently carried out, since the vehicle motion after the first collision is complicated and difficult to predict, although theoretical analysis has been reported. In this study, in order to evaluate the influence factors for collided vehicle motion after collision, we carried out the collision experiment at the difference of collision position with vehicle model, and compare the experimental results at the each collision position. As the results, the difference of collision position affects vehicle rotation and moving distance.
Collision attack
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Nonlinear FEM with momentary display function is applied to simulating the collision process of ship-collision protection of bridge. Many characters are taken into account, such as material nonlinearity, geometric nonlinearity, contact nonlinearity, movement nonlinearity and coupling characters among them etc. Based on the ANSYS/LS-DYNA nonlinear FEM program, the dynamical performances of collision protection of the Dong-tou Bridge over sea are simulated at all kinds of collision. The history of losing kinetic energy and collision force of ship are obtained; at the same time,the course of absorbing energy and deformation of collision protection are acquired at different collision angle and at different collision velocity. The results of the collision simulation can help the engineers to obtain an optimal design of the collision protection equipment.
Bridge (graph theory)
Collision response
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Author had proposed in his previous paper a model for estimating the probabilities of collision of ships at waterways applying the queuing theory to the relation between collision avoiding maneuvers and marine traffic. The improved model of collision avoiding system in the present paper was represented by two parameters named the intensity and the allowance of collision avoiding maneuvers, of which the practical meanings of ship handling were discussed. The model was applied to the ships navigating through the ten narrow channels in Japan in order to study the feasibility of the model. The probabilities of collision of ships at each channel by the model were compared with their statistical rates of collision there in last five years and their agreements were found to be good except the low values of the probabilities of collision. Based on the model, the situations of collision and the factors which had influences on collision were quantitatively investigated. It would be capable by the model for us to evaluate the effects of traffic controls and endeavors of navigators to prevent collision on the probabilities of collision.
Allowance (engineering)
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A new design of anti-collision device is present in this paper. When the collision occurs, with the deformation movement, the anti-collision device can transfer the collision energy to the non-contact area, store the energy and release after collision, which can not only protect the protected object, but also reduce the damage to the collision-causing object, ensuring the anti-collision device itself can be reusable. As a result, this design of anti-collision device can greatly reduce damages and economic losses caused by the accidental collision.
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Abstract The consequences of ship collision could be very serious, causing lots of human casualties, environmental pollution and huge economic losses. It is essential to study the collision process including two ships in water. In the past, most ship collision tests are based on the study of collision damage of local structures and there are few experiments considering the motion response of ships during the collision process. Actually, the interaction between the fluid and structure does have effects on the collision consequences. In this paper, the collision experiments of ship models are conducted in a water tank, with particular attention on structure in the collision region. Considering the coupling effect of external dynamics and internal mechanics, the dynamic responses of ships during collision are studied. The failure mode and deformation damage characteristics of ship’s side structure in collision region are also assessed. On this basis, the time history of collision forces, the damage extent of the struck structure and the energy absorption are analyzed and then the influence of velocity and ship’s mass on the results are evaluated. It provides valuable test data for validation of numerical simulation and theoretical studies.
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The safety of ships in regards to collisions and groundings, as well as the navigational and structural aspects of ships, has been improved and developed up to this day by technical, administrative and nautical parties. The damage resulting from collisions could be reduced through several techniques such as designing appropriate hull structures, ensuring tightness of cargo tanks as well as observation and review on structural behaviors, whilst accounting for all involved parameters. The position during a collision can be influenced by the collisions' location and angle as these parts are included in the external dynamics of ship collisions. In this paper, the results of several collision analyses using the finite element method were used and reviewed regarding the effect of location and angle on energy characteristic. Firstly, the capabilities of the structure and its ability to resist destruction in a collision process were presented and comparisons were made to other collision cases. Three types of collisions were identified based on the relative location of contact points to each other. From the results, it was found that the estimation of internal energy by the damaged ships differed in range from 12%–24%. In the second stage, the results showed that a collision between 30 to 60 degrees produced higher level energy than a collision in the perpendicular position. Furthermore, it was concluded that striking and struck objects in collision contributed to energy and damage shape.
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Collision simulation of river-sea ship is accomplished based on nonlinear finite element method. Firstly, we discuss the development of collision analysis methods including theoretical methods, empirical formula method, experimental techniques and numerical analysis methods, and introduce the Central Difference Method adopted in the collision simulation. Then, model of ship structure and rigid sphere structure are established, through taking into account the suitability for collision simulation of ship structure, we adopt Cowper-Symonds constitutive equation as the material characteristics and maximum equivalent plasticity as the failure criterion. Finally, collision-resistant performance of riversea ship is simulated through collisions between ship structure and rigid sphere structure at cargo centre and cargo end. Simulation results indicate that damage extent of river-sea ship depends on collision speed primarily, with the increase of collision speed, collision force increases accordingly, local structure invalidates and local damage occurs. Comparison between collision at cargo centre and collision at cargo end shows that the improvement of structural rigidity is effective to increase collision-resistant performance. Such, it is necessary to make evaluation on collision-resistant performance and strengthen the structures easily collided for ship designed according to specification, especially for the ship with single side structure. The research is of great guiding significance to hull structure design, and it is beneficial to increase security of the same type ship.
Rigidity (electromagnetism)
Response amplitude operator
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