An Anti-Collision Device with Circumferentially Energy Absorption under a Local Impact
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A new design of anti-collision device is present in this paper. When the collision occurs, with the deformation movement, the anti-collision device can transfer the collision energy to the non-contact area, store the energy and release after collision, which can not only protect the protected object, but also reduce the damage to the collision-causing object, ensuring the anti-collision device itself can be reusable. As a result, this design of anti-collision device can greatly reduce damages and economic losses caused by the accidental collision.Rotational energy
Basis (linear algebra)
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With the wide application of CISG,a number of issues on the system of damages in the CISG comes out.CISG governs and expressly solves some damages issues e.g.,right to damages,full compensation,foreseeability of loss;CISG governs and does not expressly solves some damages issues e.g.,time and place for determining damages,offsetting losses with gains,loss partly attributable to aggrieved party,future damages,damages for loss of a chance,damages for non-pecuniary loss,currency of damages;CISG does not govern some damages issues,e.g.,civil liability for personal injury,reliance interest,damages clauses of break.so the system of damages in the CISG need to be unified further.
Punitive damages
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We analyze situations of inadvertant rather than deliberate breach and consider the role of alternative damages remedies. Expectation damages induce excessive reliance, while reliance damages induce excessive reliance and under-efficient precaution. Overall, expectation damages are Pareto-superior to reliance damages.
Breach of contract
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1. Damages in General 2. Damages for Pecuniary Loss 3. Deductions and Set-Offs against Pecuniary Loss 4. Set-Off of Social Security Benefits 5. Damages for Personal Loss: Disablement, Pain and Loss of the Enjoyment of Life 6. Damages on Death 7. Practice and Procedure 8. Illustrations of the Quantum of Damages 9. Schedules of Damages Appendices I. Guidelines for the Assessment of General Damages in Personal Injury Cases II. Present Value of Annuities III. Actuarial Tables IV. Table of Average Expectation of Life V. Retail Prices Index
Pain and suffering
Personal injury
Value (mathematics)
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This article looks at the diverse attitudes of the EU jurisdictions to damages in IP matters. A summary of key European jurisdictions and an over view of how far harmonization across Europe have occurred in the area of IP damages. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the differing approaches to damages across Europe to aid multi-jurisdictional damages calculations and litigation strategy.
Harmonization
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Damages, failures and functional defects in buildings create high cost for the owner and the society. It is important to determinate the causes of damages in order to limit the costs. This paper presents the causes of 1105 different damages from a technical perspective from 265 real damage investigations. In general, the results show that; 1. Rain and snow was the most common moisture source cause damages, 2. The number of damages caused by wet concrete and PVC or linoleum flooring may be overestimated. 3. A significant number of damages were caused in details where different materials connect to each other, 4. A high number of damages were linked to wear and tear and poor maintenance. 5. Causes of damages occurs in all phases of the building process but most of them were deemed to occur in the management and on-site construction phase. 6. Most of the damages were caused by building owner or their facility trustees.
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This chapter contains sections titled: Liquidated and general damages distinguished Principles of general damages Alternative remedies Can general damages exceed liquidated damages? Under-liquidation of damages Double damages Liability for damages in tort The Panatown problem
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This study proposes a model to estimate the damages by the Hanshi-Awaji great earthquake. The model combines I-O framework with econometric model and estimates indirect damages by the loss of buildings and destruction of transport facilities. Japan has subdivided into four areas considering the magnitude of damages. The damages are evaluated in terms of income loss, unemployment, and changes of inter-regional trade. The results showed that direct and indirect economic damages reached about 13 trillion yen in Japan as a whole and those of some 15% in Hyougo. Validity of the results was confirmed by the accounts statistics.
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This Chapter discusses damages and other remedies for breach of contract. It covers the compensatory nature of damages, basis of assessment of damages, causation, remoteness, mitigation, assessment of damages in contracts for the sale of goods, claimants’ contributory negligence, the tax element in damages, interest, and agreed damages clauses (contrasting penalty clauses).
Causation
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This article discusses the granting of specific performance and the rule that specific performance will not be awarded where damages are an adequate remedy. It argues that where damages are difficult to calculate this may make damages an inadequate remedy, depending on whether the difficulty is intrinsic to the contract and its circumstances and the circumstances of breach, or extrinsic, where the difficulty is essentially evidential. The article concludes that damages may be found to be inadequate where the quantification difficulty is intrinsic, but not where it is merely extrinsic.
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