Random amplified polymorphic DNA and inter simple sequence repeat markers reveals genetic diversity between micro propagated, wild and field cultivated genotypes of Gloriosa superba: an endangered medicinal plant
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Dendrogram
UPGMA
One hundred and thirteen olive ( Olea europaea L.) accessions were characterized using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Forty-five polymorphic RAPD markers were obtained enabling us to distinguish 102 different RAPD profiles. The approximate estimation of the probability of obtaining the same RAPD profile for two different trees was between 6.75 × 10 -5 and 4.82 × 10 -14 . A dendrogram was constructed using Ward's minimum variance algorithm based on chi-square distances. This led to a more clear-cut classification of profiles than the classical approach of unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average. Twenty-four clusters of RAPD profiles were shown in Ward's dendrogram. Reliability of the dendrogram structure was checked using variance analysis. RAPD data exhibited an acceptable resolving power for cultivar identification. A combination of three primers was proposed for rapid molecular identification of cultivars in collections and in nurseries.
Dendrogram
Olea
Identification
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Objective Genetic diversity and affinity relationships among 13 species of Dendrobium Sw.were analyzed,the result laid a solid foundation for the better use of this resources.Methods Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) technique was used to analyze genetic diversity,and the dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA.Results Ten RAPD primers were applied to do random amplification.A total of 188 DNA bands was detected,180 among which were polymorphic,the average rate of polymorphic bands was 95.74%.The result of cluster analysis by using UPGMA method showed that 13 genotypes could be classified into three types in genetic distance 0.63.This outcome was corresponding to the result by using traditional classification.Conclusion It is concluded that RAPD markers can be used on the studies of genetic relationships and classification of species of Dendrobium Sw.sensitively.
UPGMA
Dendrogram
Dendrobium
Genetic relationship
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Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)markers were applied to analyze genetic relationships among four species of Arcypteridae:Ceracris hoffmanni Uvrov,C. fasciata fsaciata (Br.-W.), Arcyptera coreana Shiraki and Pararcyptera microptera meridionalis(Ikonn.). Genomic DNA of twenty-four individuals was respectively amplified with eleven oligonucleotide (10*!mer) primers which were previously selected from twenty-four random primers (10*!bp), and a total of 128 clear and reproducible RAPD bands were observed. The amplified DNA fragments of individual primer were 10-13, and their molecular size was 100-2*!000*!bp. The dendrogram based on Nei′s genetic distance of RAPD markers was constructed using UPGMA and Neighbor-Joining. The cluster analysis showed that the species of each genus first clustered respectively and 4 species of Acridoidea were divided into two branches. One is C.hoffmanni Uvrov and C.fasciata fasciata (Br.-W.) cluster, and the other is A. coreana Shiraki and P. microptera meridionalis(Ikonn.) cluster. Whose conclusion coincided with the results of morphology, and this implied that RAPD seemed suitable for analysis of genetic relationships among genera.
UPGMA
Dendrogram
Primer (cosmetics)
genomic DNA
Molecular marker
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The genetic relatedness among Shorea parvi(olia Dyer parvi(olia at Semengoh Forest Reserve, Sarawak was evaluated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Four arbitrary primers that produced informative, scorable and reproducible DNA bands were selected for evaluation of genetic relatedness among the adult trees. The cluster analysis of RAPD data using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) grouped the 8 adult trees into 3 clusters. The result revealed that four adult trees of
S. parvi(olia Dyer parvi(olia were not closely related and therefore selected as potential mother trees for seed production. The RAPD was used to check for misidentified in the samples as well and one sample was misidentified. For evaluation of genetic relatedness among saplings and adult trees, cluster analysis of RAPD data using UPGMA grouped the 31 samples into 3 clusters. Out of 25 saplings, only 7 saplings closely related to the selected adult trees. These results were essential in the establishment of forest Seed Production Area (SPA) and demonstrated the usefulness of RAPD marker in detecting the wrongly identified samples.
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Shorea robusta
Genetic distance
Genetic relationship
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For this purpose, 18 cucumber lines were evaluated for their genetic diversity using six morphological characterizations (plant morphology, plant length, length of leaf blade, fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit stem length) and eight AFLP markers. These AFLP primer combinations amplified well and also showed polymorphism. Thus, 1975 AFLP fragments were obtained and 1468 fragments were polymorphic (75.34%). Dendrograms were drawn using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method) arithmetical averages and according to the UPGMA dendrogram, the cucumber accessions clustered into two main groups. The genetic distances of the dendrogram varied between 0.92 and 0.96. Cluster analysis based on morphological data discriminated all lines into three major clusters in UPGMA dendrogram. The similarity coefficient ranged between 0.888 and 0.982 indicating that the cucumber lines used in the study have a low level of genetic variation. Results obtained from the phylogenetic dendrogram by 8 pairs of AFLP primers were consistent with those from the UPGMA clustering analysis, which were in according with the morphological taxonomy on cucumber.
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Dendrogram
Cucumis
Genetic distance
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)was used to study the classification of 27 hemp cultivars.Thirty-four 10 bp primers selected from 300 arbitrary primers were applied for amplifying the hemp DNA.Total 261 bands were produced,among which 233 bands(89.27%)were polymorphic.A dendrogram showed that genetic relationships was constructed through an unweighted pair-group method(UPGMA)based on the DNA polymorphism and the 27 cultivars were clustered into 3 main groups.
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Genetic relationship
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To define the molecular characters of differentiating Fangfeng Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk, from their allied species Friocycla albescens(Franch), P. dielsianum Fedde ex wolff, Peucedanum ledebourieuoides K, T, Fu, Curum Carvil by RAPD technique. General DNA was isolated from fresh Fangfeng and their allied species by SDS method, The random amplified Polymorphic DNA(RAPD) was used to identify them. 8 effective primers were selected from 21 primers. Cluster analysis tree were constructed by using genetic distance UPGMA method. The RAPD results suit for the ananlysis of Rodix Gentianae species in genetic polymorphism and genetic relationship, The method of RAPD can be used to identify the Fangfeng species and its allied species.
UPGMA
Genetic distance
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