Metabolomics - a new era in bio(pharmaceutical) analysis
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Abstract:
The major aim of metabolomics is to identify and quantify all endogenous and exogenous small molecule metabolites in a biological system in a high-throughput manner. Metabolomics has the potential to deliver diagnostic biomarkers for the detection and prognosis of diseases, and the prediction of the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical treatment. Metabolomics can also provide insights into the biochemical mechanisms of diseases and their modulation by drugs. The analytical platforms include NMR spectroscopy, masspectrometry combined with gas or liquid chromatography. Due to the complexity of the metabolome, no single analytical platform can be applied to detect all metabolites in a biological sample.Different conceptual approaches are used in metabolomics. Targeted (specific) metabolomics is a quantitative approach where a set of known metabolites are quantitated. The identities of metabolites were initially established based on the available databases and using standard compounds; the identified metabolite peaks are then quantified based on internal or external reference compounds. Targeted metabolomics can provide greater insights into the dynamics and fluxes of metabolites. Non-targeted (global) metabolomics aims for a quick and reliable identification of small molecule biomarkers characteristic for a particular physiological state in response to internal or external stimuli. This approach is often used in pharmacokinetic studies of drug metabolism and when looking at the effect of therapeutics or genetic modifications on a specific enzyme.The development of personalised metabolomics in the future, will give the opportunity to track the trends of the metabolome for personalised drugs and improved treatment strategies.Keywords:
Metabolome
Identification
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Exposome
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Metabolomics is an emerging field of "omics" research that focuses on high-throughput characterization of small molecule metabolites in biological matrices. This review focuses on the recent trends and potential applications of metabolomics. We begin with an overview of metabolomic studies with amphasise on metabolomics workflow. The approaches of metabolomics are applied in the biological systems, including human, plants, and microorganisms. Thus the critical evaluation of the contribution that metabolomics has made to the environmental, plant and animal sciences, microbiology and food technology and science, was established.
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Metabolomics is the comprehensive assessment of endogenous metabolites and attempts to systematically identify and quantify metabolites from a biological sample. Small-molecule metabolites have an important role in biological systems and represent attractive candidates to understand disease phenotypes. Metabolites represent a diverse group of low-molecular-weight structures including lipids, amino acids, peptides, nucleic acids, organic acids, vitamins, thiols and carbohydrates, which makes global analysis a difficult challenge. The recent rapid development of a range of analytical platforms, including GC, HPLC, UPLC, CE coupled to MS and NMR spectroscopy, could enable separation, detection, characterization and quantification of such metabolites and related metabolic pathways. Owing to the complexity of the metabolome and the diverse properties of metabolites, no single analytical platform can be applied to detect all metabolites in a biological sample. The combined use of modern instrumental analytical approaches has unravelled the ideal outcomes in metabolomics, and is beneficial to increase the coverage of detected metabolites that can not be achieved by single-analysis techniques. Integrated platforms have been frequently used to provide sensitive and reliable detection of thousands of metabolites in a biofluid sample. Continued development of these analytical platforms will accelerate widespread use and integration of metabolomics into systems biology. Here, the application of each hyphenated technique is discussed and its strengths and limitations are discussed with selected illustrative examples; furthermore, this review comprehensively highlights the role of integrated tools in metabolomic research.
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