Detecting oxygenation changes after hypoxia: pulse oximetry vs. near-infrared spectroscopy
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Introduction: Pulse oximetry is commonly used in critical care to monitor changes in arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2). However, studies have reported that decreases in SpO2 may lag behind the actual clinical event. Previous studies have demonstrated that cerebral oxygenation monitoring using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can detect alterations in oxygenation earlier than pulse oximetry. Here, we compare responses of NIRS monitoring of spinal cord tissue oxygenation (TOI) to pulse oximetry SpO2 during hypoxia. Methods: During a study on optical monitoring of spinal cord hemodynamics in an animal model of spinal cord injury (SCI), episodes of acute (70-80% SpO2) hypoxia were induced. Six anesthetized Yucatan miniature pigs were studied. A standard pulse oximeter was attached to the ear of the animal and a custom-made NIRS sensor was placed extradurally on the spinal cord. Hypoxia was induced by removing the ventilator from the animal and reattaching it once SpO2 reached 70% or 80% as reported by the pulse oximeter. Results: 21 episodes of acute hypoxia were analyzed. Upon the start of hypoxia, NIRS TOI responded in 1.8 ± 0.5 seconds, while pulse oximetry SpO2 responded in 11.4 ± 0.6 seconds (p > 0.0001). Conclusion: NIRS can detect the effects of hypoxia on spinal cord tissue earlier than pulse oximetry can detect arterial oxygenation changes in the periphery. The NIRS sensor may be used as an earlier detector of oxygen saturation changes in the clinical setting than the standard pulse oximeter.Keywords:
Pulse Oximetry
Hypoxia
Blood oxygenation
Oxygen Saturation
Hypoxic hypoxia
Continuous monitoring of oxygenation in sick newborns is vitally important. However, transcutaneous Po2 measurements have a number of limiations. Therefore, we report the use of the pulse oximeter for arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) determination in 26 infants (birth weights 725 to 4,000 g, gestational ages 24 to 40 weeks, and postnatal ages one to 49 days). Fetal hemoglobin determinations were made on all infants and were repeated following transfusion. Sao2, readings from the pulse oximeter were compared with the Sao2 measured in vitro on simultaneously obtained arterial blood samples. The linear regression equation for 177 paired measurements was: y = 0.7x + 27.2; r = .9. However, the differences between measured Sao2 and the pulse oximeter Sao2 were significantly greater in samples with > 50% fetal hemoglobin when compared with samples with < 25% fetal hemoglobin (P < .001). The pulse oximeter was easy to use, recorded trends in oxygenation instantaneously, and was not associated with skin injury. We conclude that pulse oximetry is a reliable technique for the continuous, noninvasive monitoring of oxygenation in newborn infants.
Pulse Oximetry
Oxygen Saturation
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The near-infrared spectroscopy technique is being used for non-invasive in vivo measurements and quantifying of oxygenation of hemoglobin in the skin microcirculation. The method utilizes a simple model for studying of skin oxygenation. The aim of this lecture is to show young researches and students some perspectives of near-infrared spectroscopy as a technique with great promise and a new medical tool for non-invasive diagnostics and monitoring of blood oxygenation in vivo.
Blood oxygenation
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Pulse oximetry is widely used in anaesthesia and intensive care monitoring.It is a valuable, non-invasive optical monitoring technique used for continuous measurement of arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ).Sites for pulse oximeter sensors are frequently difficult to find in patients with major thermal injury.Therefore blood oxygen saturation readings are often unobtainable at just the time when they would be most valuable.An oesophageal SpO 2 probe has been designed to record reliable photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals and SpO 2 values from the oesophagus of burned patients.Seven adult patients were studied.Good quality oesophageal PPG signals with large amplitudes were measured from various depths within the oesophagus.The optimal monitoring oesophageal depth ranged from 13 cm to 20 cm, measured from the upper lip.It was found that the oesophageal pulse oximeter saturation results were in good agreement with those from the CO-oximeter.This study suggests that the oesophagus can be used as an alternative site for monitoring arterial blood oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry in burned patients.
Pulse Oximetry
Oxygen Saturation
Saturation (graph theory)
Photoplethysmogram
Arterial blood
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Introduction: Pulse oximetry is commonly used in critical care to monitor changes in arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2). However, studies have reported that decreases in SpO2 may lag behind the actual clinical event. Previous studies have demonstrated that cerebral oxygenation monitoring using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can detect alterations in oxygenation earlier than pulse oximetry. Here, we compare responses of NIRS monitoring of spinal cord tissue oxygenation (TOI) to pulse oximetry SpO2 during hypoxia. Methods: During a study on optical monitoring of spinal cord hemodynamics in an animal model of spinal cord injury (SCI), episodes of acute (70-80% SpO2) hypoxia were induced. Six anesthetized Yucatan miniature pigs were studied. A standard pulse oximeter was attached to the ear of the animal and a custom-made NIRS sensor was placed extradurally on the spinal cord. Hypoxia was induced by removing the ventilator from the animal and reattaching it once SpO2 reached 70% or 80% as reported by the pulse oximeter. Results: 21 episodes of acute hypoxia were analyzed. Upon the start of hypoxia, NIRS TOI responded in 1.8 ± 0.5 seconds, while pulse oximetry SpO2 responded in 11.4 ± 0.6 seconds (p > 0.0001). Conclusion: NIRS can detect the effects of hypoxia on spinal cord tissue earlier than pulse oximetry can detect arterial oxygenation changes in the periphery. The NIRS sensor may be used as an earlier detector of oxygen saturation changes in the clinical setting than the standard pulse oximeter.
Pulse Oximetry
Hypoxia
Blood oxygenation
Oxygen Saturation
Hypoxic hypoxia
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Objective To evaluate the effects of henna on the results of pulse oximetry in healthy women. Methods 100 young women (20–60 years of age) were recruited. The Iranian original red henna was used to colour the index finger of THE non-dominant hand; the middle finger of the same hand was the control. Blood oxygen saturation was simultaneously measured by two calibrated pulse oximeters. Result Henna did not affect pulse oximetry measurement of oxygen saturation. There was no statistically significant difference between the control and the henna dyed fingers. Conclusions Henna is not likely to change the accuracy of oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximeter. Clinical trial registration 20120906159N20.
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Oxygen Saturation
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Background: As the blood oxygen level in patients with COVID-19, who show no symptoms despite the highly insufficient level of oxygen in the blood, the physician should thus be constantly aware of the blood oxygen saturation level and check it. Objectives: This study was conducted with the aim of assessing the concordance of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and pulse oximetry (SpO2) in patients with and without COVID-19 hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, all patients with and without COVID-19 hospitalized in the ICU in Imam Khomeini and Golestan hospitals in Kermanshah city during 6 months of the year 2020 were studied. Patients' oxygenation index was calculated in all patients (with and without COVID-19) using two variables, i.e., SpO2 gained from pulse oximetry and SaO2 derived from arterial blood gas analysis. Results: A total of 60 patients with COVID-19 and 57 patients without COVID-19 hospitalized in the ICU were studied. There was a significant positive correlation between the means of SpO2 and SaO2 in both groups of patients (P < 0.05, r (with COVID-19) = 0.727, r (without COVID-19) = 0.459). Conclusions: There is a good agreement between oxygen saturations by two measurement methods, i.e., SpO2 and SaO2 in both groups of patients with and without COVID-19. However, the pulse oximetry is not a proper method to measure oxygen saturation level in the blood of patients with COVID-19 and this method can be an acceptable method in stable conditions of the body.
Pulse Oximetry
Concordance
Oxygen Saturation
Arterial blood
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Blood oxygenation
Arterial blood
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Pulse Oximetry
Oxygen Saturation
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Noninvasive measurement of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) by pulse oximetry is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important technological advances in monitoring clinical patients. Pulse oximeters compute SaO2 by measuring differences in the visible and near infrared absorbances of fully oxygenated and deoxygenated arterial blood. Unlike clinical blood gas analyzers, which require a sample of blood from the patient and can provide only intermittent measurement of patient oxygenation, pulse oximeters provide continuous, safe, and instantaneous measurement of blood oxygenation. Here I review the theoretical background behind this advanced technology, instrumentation requirements, practical instrument calibration, common features of commercial pulse oximeters, specific clinical applications, and performance limitations of pulse oximeters.
Pulse Oximetry
Blood oxygenation
Arterial blood
Oxygen Saturation
Instrumentation
Continuous monitoring
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