Effect of Dietary Soybean Lecithin and Cholesterol on Growth, Antioxidant Status and Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Swimming Crab, Portunus trituberculatus
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An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary soybean lecithin and cholesterol levels on the growth, antioxidant status and fatty acid composition in the tissues of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Eight experimental diets were formulated to contain four levels of soybean lecithin (0, 10, 20 and 40 g kg-1 of diet) and two cholesterol levels (0 and 6 g kg-1 of diet). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 swimming crabs (approximately 3.70 ± 0.03 g). The highest weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and molting frequency (MF) were observed with crabs fed the diet supplemented with 40 g kg-1 lecithin and 6 g kg-1 cholesterol. Crabs fed the diet without lecithin and cholesterol had a lower WG and SGR as compared to those fed the other diets. Cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose concentrations in the serum were significantly influenced by soybean lecithin and cholesterol levels. Crabs fed the diets containing 40 g kg-1 lecithin with or without cholesterol supplementation had lower malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hepatopancreas as compared to those fed the other diets. Moreover, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lysozyme activities in the hepatopancreas were significantly affected by the dietary soybean lecithin and cholesterol levels. Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in the muscles were not significantly influenced by the dietary soybean lecithin and cholesterol levels. The concentrations of total HUFA in hepatopancreas were significantly influenced by the dietary soybean lecithin and cholesterol levels. In conclusion, interaction between dietary soybean lecithin and cholesterol affects growth performance, feed utilization and fatty acids in the hepatopancreas, dietary soybean lecithin and cholesterol supplementation enhance lipid transportation and metabolismKeywords:
Hepatopancreas
Soybean oil
Portunus trituberculatus
Hepatopancreas
Portunus trituberculatus
Malondialdehyde
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The present study examined the changes occurring in the antioxidant defence status in haemolymph,muscle hepatopancreas and tissue of Portunus trituberculatus infected by Vibrio alginolyticus.It is a kind of bacteria-V.alginolyticu that was isolated from tissue of diseased P.trituberculatus farmed under natural conditions.The healthy crabs were infected with V.alginolyticu by intramuscular injection of the isolated bacteria and 0.9% Nacl solution as a control respectively.Activities of superoxide dimutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px) and levels of lipid peroxides(MDA) were measured at 0 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h following the infection.The results showed:The control crabs did not exhibit any significant variation in SOD,GSH-px and MDA activities in the tissues.However,V.alginolyticu infection induced a significant decrease of SOD activities in haemolymph,and muscle hepatopancreas of infected crabs compared with the control(P0.05).The GSH-px activities of the haemolymph and hepatopancreas were higher at 24 h after infection,whereas decreased significantly in the 1ast course of infection compared with the control(P0.05).The MDA levels of different tissues were increased significantly in infected crabs with the infection time(P0.05).The results of this study indicated that the tissue antoxidant enzyme activities in P.trituberculatus infected by V.alginolyticu were decreased and were consistent with MDA level.The anto-xidant defence system of crab was destroyed,and the abilities of preventing disease and disease resistance declined.
Portunus trituberculatus
Hepatopancreas
Vibrio alginolyticus
Hemolymph
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An 8-weeks feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary phosphorus (P) levels on growth performance, P concentrations in tissue, haemolymph biochemistry and hepatopancreatic metabolic enzyme activities for juvenile swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Five semi-purified diets (46 % protein, 7.5 % lipid) were formulated to contain different P levels of 6.4, 10.8, 16.2, 21.0 and 25.7 g kg−1, respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 juvenile swimming crab (initial weight was 12.82 ± 0.15 g) that were reared in single crab unit. The results indicated that percent weight gain (PWG) were significantly influenced dietary P levels, the highest PWG were observed in crabs fed the diet containing 16.2 and 21.0 g kg−1 P. Moreover, P contents in muscle, hepatopancreas and carapace significantly increased with dietary P levels increasing from 6.4–21.0 g kg−1. P retention rate (PRR) in hepatopancreas and muscle significantly decreased with dietary P levels increasing from 6.4 to 25.7 g kg-1. Furthermore, dietary deficient P (such as 6.4 and 10.8 g kg−1 P) levels reduced ATP content, activities of PK and SDH in hepatopancreas. Crabs fed the diet with 6.4 g kg−1 P also showed significantly lower expression of genes involved in electron transport chain complex, such as nd1, sdhc and coxIII in hepatopancreas than those fed the other diets. The expression of genes related to mitochondrial energy metabolisms, such as Atpase6, sirt1, and nrf1 in hepatopancreas were significantly up-regulated in crabs fed 16.2 and 21.0 g kg−1 P diets. Overall, based on the two slope broken-line and quadratic regression analysis of PWG against the dietary total P levels, the optimum dietary P requirement was estimated to be 15.91 and 16.83 g kg−1, respectively.
Hepatopancreas
Portunus trituberculatus
Hemolymph
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In order to ascertain the susceptibility and the potential danger of WSSV to the cultured Portunus trituberculatus, the healthy crabs were inoculated with WSSV by intramuscular injection and feeding. The results showed that the crabs in the group of intramuscular injection all became diseased and died at 10 to 16 days after being inoculated; the mortality of the group of feeding was 33%, and that of the control group was 0. Real-time PCR assay was developed in this study for quantitative analysis of WSSV in muscle and hepatopancreas. Detectable rates of WSSV from intramuscular, feeding and control groups were 100%, 50% and 0 respectively. Histopathological observation showed that the nucleus of target cells in the hepatopancreas, atrial muscle, and gill became swollen and distorted, servere vacuolation and necrosis of epithelial cells of hepatopancreas and gill, as well as the atrial muscle fibres were obviously observed. Under electron microscope,virus particles with the same size and morphological features as WSSV were seen in the abnormal tissue cells. In conclusion, the WSSV can infect Portunus trituberculatus and cause obvious histopathological changes in the crab tissues, and additionally, the degree of the infection of WSSV was closely related to the amount of virus, as well as the crab's health and environment conditions.
Hepatopancreas
Portunus trituberculatus
Intramuscular injection
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Of the wide range of organic contaminants in the environment, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are of concern because several of them show a high carcinogenic and mutagenic activity. Benzo[a]pyrene(Ba P) is a typical representative of PAHs due to its carcinogenic and mutagenic effects to animals and human. In order to assess biological effect of Ba P on the gill and hepatopancreas tissues of Portunus trituberculatus, the P. trituberculatus were exposed to Ba P at two doses(0.45 μg/L, 0.05 μg/L) for an exposure period of fifteen days and an elimination period of fifteen days; meanwhile, the seawater control group and acetone control group were designed. The detoxifying enzyme activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase(EROD)(Fig. 1) and glutathine S-transferease(GST)(Fig. 2), the antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)(Fig. 3) as well as lipid peroxidation(LPO)(Fig. 4) levels in gill and hepatopancreas tissues of P. trituberculatus were measured. The experimental data were analyzed with t test. The results showed that the activities of four toxicological parameters were significantly induced by Ba P in the first day(P 0.05) of Ba P exposure compared with the seawater control group over the same time period, and reduced with the increase of concentration of Ba P. From an overall perspective, the activities of EROD and GST in the hepatopancreas and the activity of SOD in gill tissues declined after the peaks(Fig. 1, Fig. 2), while the activity of SOD in hepatopancreas tissues and content of malondialdehyde(MDA) in hepatopancreas and gill tissues continued to rise(Fig. 3, Fig. 4). The time of the activities of EROD, GST and SOD reaching their max value in gill tissues was shorter than in the hepatopancreas tissues(Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3); the activities of EROD, GST, SOD and content of MDA in gill tissues were lower than in hepatopancreas tissues, too(Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4). During the elimination period, the activity of SOD in gill tissues with a high exposure concentration(0.45 μg/L)(Fig. 3a), and in hepatopancreas tissues with both exposure concentrations could not resume to the level of seawater control group over the same time period(P 0.05)(Fig. 3b); in contrast, the other groups could resume to the level of seawater control group over the same time period(P 0.05)(Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 4). The results indicate that both gill and hepatopancreas tissues of P. trituberculatus possess resuming capacity; gill tissues are more sensitive to Ba P than hepatopancreas tissues; EROD, GST, SOD, and MDA all could be used as sensitive biomarkers of Ba P toxicity studies.
Hepatopancreas
Portunus trituberculatus
Malondialdehyde
Benzopyrene
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An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical composition of juvenile swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus of initial weight 2.34 ± 0.08 g. Four different diets were formulated to contain fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) or palm oil (PO). The highest final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and molting frequency were observed in crabs fed the FO diet. Crabs fed the SO diet showed higher glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in both serum and hepatopancreas than those fed the FO diet. The lowest malondialdehyde concentration in hepatopancreas and serum were occurred at crabs fed the SO diet. Crabs fed the LO diet had significantly higher SOD and CAT activities in hepatopancreas compared with those fed the FO diet. Crabs fed the PO diet had the highest activities of fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activities in hepatopancreas among all treatments. Fatty acid compositions both in hepatopancreas and muscle reflected those of diets. Overall, these findings demonstrated that physiological–biochemical characteristics and lipid metabolism were significantly regulated by different dietary lipid sources. Moreover, dietary SO and LO supplementation could improve antioxidant ability.
Portunus trituberculatus
Hepatopancreas
Malondialdehyde
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Healthy Portunus trituberculatus(averaging body weight 176±21.3g)were used to determine the changes of the immunity enzyme activities in haemolymph,muscle and hepatopancreas tissue after the crabs were injected with 0.9% Nacl solution(Control)and Vibrio alginolyticus.The relative immunity indicators were measured at 0h,24h,48h and 72h after the infection.The results showed that:The lysozyme(LSZ)activity of heamolymph increased significantly(P0.05)in V.alginolyticus infected crabs in the initial 24h,but at 48h and 72h the activity reduced significantly(P0.05)below the control level.The LSZ activities of muscle and hepatopancreas decreased significantly after infection(P0.05).Both the ACP and ALP activities reduced significantly in the heamolymph,muscle and hepatopancreas tissue of infection group respectively(P0.05).However,the control crabs did not experience any significant variation in LSZ,ACP and ALP activities in all the tissues.The results of this study indicated that immunity enzyme in P.trituberculatus infected by V.alginolyticu was induced more significantly,which accompanied by weakened immunity ability of the crabs.
Portunus trituberculatus
Hepatopancreas
Vibrio alginolyticus
Hemolymph
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High levels of copper in water can affect aquacultural production. Here an experiment was designed to examine the responses of reactive oxygen species(ROS), superoxide dismutase(SOD)and total anti-oxidation capacity(T-AOC)in gill, hepatopancreas and muscle of Portunus trituberculatus exposed to different concentrations of Cu2+(0, 0.04, 0.4, 2 and 4 mg·L-1)using single factor gradient method of ecology. The ROS level increased with elevated concentrations of Cu2+(2 mg·L-1 and 4 mg·L-1), but was no significant differences(P0.05)between 0.04 and 0.4 mg·L-1. Compared with control, SOD and T-AOC activities in gill, hepatopancreas and muscle were induced by low concentrations of Cu2+(0.04 and 0.4 mg·L-1), and displayed an inverted V-shape over the experimental period. Furthermore, the activities of SOD and T-AOC in gill, hepatopancreas and muscle showed obvious relationships between concentration-time effects and time-effect. Under high concentrations of Cu2+(2 and 4 mg·L-1), the activity of SOD in gill, hepatopancreas and muscle and the activity of T-AOC in gill were induced during the initial 24 h, but activity of T-AOC in hepatopancreas and muscle were inhibited at the beginning and decreased markedly over time. The present results suggest that exposure to low(0.04 mg·L-1)and short-term exposure to high Cu2+ concentrations(2 mg·L-1)would not cause significant oxidative damages, but enhance the antioxidant defense system. Under extended exposure to high Cu2+, however, oxidative damage was obviously increased, decreasing the antioxidation capacity. Antioxidant enzyme and non-enzymatic antioxidants could jointly play a role in the defense system.
Hepatopancreas
Portunus trituberculatus
Dismutase
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Hepatopancreas
Portunus trituberculatus
Hemolymph
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Hepatopancreas
Portunus trituberculatus
Portunus pelagicus
Marine invertebrates
Transcription
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