Effect on antioxidant enzyme system of Portunus trituberculatus infected by Vibrio alginolyticus
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The present study examined the changes occurring in the antioxidant defence status in haemolymph,muscle hepatopancreas and tissue of Portunus trituberculatus infected by Vibrio alginolyticus.It is a kind of bacteria-V.alginolyticu that was isolated from tissue of diseased P.trituberculatus farmed under natural conditions.The healthy crabs were infected with V.alginolyticu by intramuscular injection of the isolated bacteria and 0.9% Nacl solution as a control respectively.Activities of superoxide dimutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px) and levels of lipid peroxides(MDA) were measured at 0 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h following the infection.The results showed:The control crabs did not exhibit any significant variation in SOD,GSH-px and MDA activities in the tissues.However,V.alginolyticu infection induced a significant decrease of SOD activities in haemolymph,and muscle hepatopancreas of infected crabs compared with the control(P0.05).The GSH-px activities of the haemolymph and hepatopancreas were higher at 24 h after infection,whereas decreased significantly in the 1ast course of infection compared with the control(P0.05).The MDA levels of different tissues were increased significantly in infected crabs with the infection time(P0.05).The results of this study indicated that the tissue antoxidant enzyme activities in P.trituberculatus infected by V.alginolyticu were decreased and were consistent with MDA level.The anto-xidant defence system of crab was destroyed,and the abilities of preventing disease and disease resistance declined.Keywords:
Portunus trituberculatus
Hepatopancreas
Vibrio alginolyticus
Hemolymph
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Immunostimulant
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This study investigated the activities of metabolic and immune enzymes in the hepatopancreas and muscle of the banana shrimp Fenneropenaeus merguiensis at different salinities (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 ‰) and temperatures (21, 24, 27, 30, and 33°C). The shrimp (mean initial weight, 1.72±0.25 g) were cultured at different salinities or different temperatures for 15 d. All treatments were conducted in triplicate. Results showed that glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities in the hepatopancreas were the highest at a salinity of 20‰ (p<0.05). The GOT and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in the muscle were the highest at a salinity of 25 ‰ (p<0.05). The GOT and GPT activities in the hepatopancreas at a temperature of 24oC were significantly higher than those at the other temperatures (p<0.05). The highest SDH activity in the muscle was observed at a temperature of 27 oC (p<0.05). Different immune enzymes showed different responses to salinity and temperature. The highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the hepatopancreas, and the highest acid phosphatase (ACP) activity in the muscles was observed at a temperature of 24°C (p<0.05). By contrast, the lowest ACP activities in the hepatopancreas and muscles were observed at salinities of 25 and 20 ‰, respectively (p<0.05). These results indicated that suitable salinity and temperature can increase the metabolic enzyme activities, but the relationship of immune enzymes activities and ambient conditions is indeterminate.
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The effects of chloridazon (Ch) and its metabolite chloridazon-desphenyl (Ch-D) at the environmentally relevant concentrations of 0.45 µg/L and 2.7 µg/L on signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus were assessed in a 30-day exposure followed by a 15-day depuration period. Locomotion, biochemical haemolymph profile, oxidative and antioxidant parameters, and histopathology were evaluated. Crayfish exposed to Ch at 0.45 µg/L and 2.7 µg/L showed significantly (p < 0.01) higher CAT activity and GSH level in hepatopancreas and gill compared to controls. The concentration of Ch at 2.7 µg/L was associated with significantly (p < 0.01) higher levels of GLU, LACT, ALT, AST in haemolymph compared to controls. Chloridazon-desphenyl exposure at both tested concentrations caused significantly higher (p < 0.01) GLU, LACT, ALT, AST, NH3, and Ca in haemolymph; lipid peroxidation (TBARS) levels in hepatopancreas; and CAT activity and GSH level in hepatopancreas and gill. Alterations of structure including focal dilatation of tubules, increased number of fibrillar cells, and haemocyte infiltration in the interstitium were observed with 2.7 µg/L Ch and with both Ch-D exposures. Locomotion patterns did not vary significantly among groups. A 15-day recovery period was insufficient to restore normal physiological parameters in exposed groups. Chloridazon and its metabolite Ch-D exerts harmful effects on crayfish.
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TBARS
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The system of antioxidant (AO) defense and processes of lipid peroxidation (LP) of the Black Sea turbot Psetta (Scophtalmus) maxima maeotica (L., 1758) have been investigated during the spawning season. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase and content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and TBA-reactive products have been determined in gonads, gills, liver, red and white muscles of males and females at different stages of gonad's maturity (V and VI stages). The peculiarities of AO complex and LP depended on tissue specificity and sexual distinctions of the turbot have been found. The turbot females at VI stage were found to have the most significant changes. In gonads and liver the level of TBA-reactive products decreased. In gonads the activities of GP and GR decreased, but the level of GSH increased. In gills of these females the activity of GP and the level of GSH increased, while in the red muscles the activity of catalase raised. In white muscles the activity of GR dropped. In the males' tissues of the turbot at VI stage the growth of the activity of GP in gills and GSH content in white muscles have been found. In all tissues of males the decrease of the TBA-reactive products content has been observed.
Glutathione reductase
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It is suggested that the status and function in the internal defence mechanisms on immune enzymes in seashell have been noticed by more and more scholars in the world at present. Understanding the activation or effect factors of the enzymatic system can enable the evaluation of the health of breed aquatic. The activation of the enzymatic system by bacterial or fungal components is an additional clue of the involvement of these enzymes in invertebrate immune defence mechanisms. This paper reported the activities of selected enzymes in haemolymph and hepatopancreas from Anodonta woodiana infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. Healthy Anodonta woodiana were collected from Yangzi Island near Poyang Lake, with body length of 13.58±1.12 cm and height of 8.34±0.91cm. Haemolymph and hepatopancreas were extracted at 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h from the Anodonta woodiana injected with Aeromonas hydrophila(1.6×108cell/mL) and 0.9 % NaCl solution (control group) respectively. The levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Phenoloxidase (PO), A1kaline phosphatase (AKP), Acid phosphatase (ACP) and Catalase (CAT) were tested. The results showed that the activities of SOD from haemolymph injected by Aeromonas hydrophila could be significantly higher than that in control at 3h, 12h and 48h respectively, but only at 48h from hepatopancreas. PO activities in serum were notable higher than that in control at 3h and 6h and had the highest level at 3h after injection, then decreased appreciably, however, PO activities in hepatopancreas increased significantly at 3h. It proved that the activities of SOD and PO in the haemolymph and hepatopancreas of Anodonta woodiana could be induced significantly elevation by Aeromonas hydrophila. While there was no overt difference between injection and control group for the changes of ACP activities, which might indicate that the effect of stimulation on Anodonta woodiana with Aeromonas hydrophila was not obvious, so that, it might not stimulate acute increase and release of lysosomes. The same explanation was fit for the change of AKP activities which increased slightly the whole time in the haemolymph and significantly in the hepatopancreas at 3h. In addition, the changes of CAT activities in the haemolymph of Anodonta woodiana were not obvious even it restrained notably in the hepatopancreas at 24h and 48h, the enzymatic responses were compared with other studies and the possible reasons were discussed. It showed that activities of SOD and PO may be used as an indicator on immune disease-resistance, while further research will be needed to understand the activities, functions and mechanism of AKP, ACP and CAT.
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Hemolymph
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess annual redox balance by quantifying activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST), as well as measuring lipid peroxidation levels by determination of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances, in different tissues of male and female crayfish collected from an area little affected by anthropogenic impacts. A total of 37 male and 32 female of Parastacus brasiliensis promatensis were collected over an annual cycle, and gill, muscle, hepatopancreas, and gonad samples were harvested and subjected to the aforementioned analyses via spectrophotometry. Comparison of the annual oxidative status response profile in gill and in hepatopancreas between males and females revealed differences only in SOD activity. In abdominal muscle, this comparison revealed a distinct profile of SOD and GST activity, as well as of lipid peroxidation. SOD activity in gonads of females increased in the summer when compared to autumn; conversely, CAT and GST levels did not differ over the year. During reproduction, a possible increase of the energy requirements led to an increase in lipid peroxidation in all tested tissues, in males and females alike. It was least evident in female gonad tissue, which suggests this tissue type is relatively protected; within this context, one may establish a tissue‐specific grading of Lipid Peroxidation intensity in females of the species during the spring: gonads < muscle < gills < hepatopancreas. Our results show that the responses of the defenses analyzed antioxidants, as well as lipid peroxidation levels, were sex and tissue dependent and a clear pattern of seasonal variation.
Hepatopancreas
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