Impact of Light Traps on the Larval Population of Gram Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Chickpea
S. A. HakeemFaisul-Ur- RasoolS. BashirSeerat un NissaZ. A. DarGul ZafferM. HabibSinta Fadhilah MajidS. NaseerZahida RashidAjaz A. Lone
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Abstract:
One (T1) and two (T2) light traps per ha were compared with control with no light source (T3) against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera. Pooled data of 2018 and 2019 showed that TI resulted with average population of 0.31larvae per plant with 5.46% pod damage and average yield of 1235 kg per ha. In T2, lowest larval population was recorded (0.25/plant), lesser pod damage (4.02%) and higher yield (1244.8 kg /ha) while in control plots (T3), larval population density was maximum with 0.377 larvae/plant with pod damage of 10-25% and 1162.90 kg /ha yield was recorded.Keywords:
Gram
Helicoverpa
Aims: To investigate the biology and morphometry of gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera Hubner infesting gram Cicer arietinum L.
Place and Duration of Study: The investigation was conducted in the PG Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India under laboratory conditions at 26.7±1.66°C temperature and 51.11±6.35 per cent relative humidity during 2021-22.
Methodology: The Helicoverpa armigera was reared from eggs to the adult stage under laboratory conditions. Twenty-five samples of eggs, larval instars, pre-pupa, pupa, and adults were used for morphometrics measurement and fifty samples of each stage were used for determining the biological parameters.
Results: The Helicoverpa armigera female laid eggs singly or in batches of 2 to 3 during nighttime. The incubation period was 2.84±0.58 days with 58.39±4.22 per cent hatching. The larvae passed through six different instars having durations, 2.54±0.50, 4.04±0.88, 4.04±0.88, 4.24±0.77, 4.50±0.51, and 4.92±0.80 days of first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth instars, respectively. The mean larval, pre-pupal, pupal, pre-oviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition periods were 23.12±1.83, 1.64±0.69, 13.40±1.25, 2.60±0.49, 6.94±0.82, and 1.62±0.49 days, respectively. The lengths of egg, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth instar larvae, prepupa, pupa, and male and female adults, were 0.49±0.05, 1.56±0.12, 4.27±0.38, 8.47±0.70, 13.50±0.95, 21.84±0.97, 32.58±0.99, 25.03±0.97, 19.95±0.96, 17.25±0.56, and 20.32±0.95mm, respectively. Whereas, the breadths were 0.50±0.04, 0.46±0.03, 0.72±0.04, 2.45±0.03, 2.72±0.07, 3.22±0.11, 4.12±0.16, 3.88±0.39, 5.26±0.31, 34.44±1.09, and 39.86±1.03mm, respectively. The lengths of head capsules of first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth instar larvae were 0.23±0.01, 0.45±0.01, 0.63±0.02, 1.12±0.01, 2.19±0.02, and 2.61±0.04, respectively which was not studied before. Whereas, the breadths were 0.26±0.01, 0.50±0.01, 0.73±0.01, 1.28±0.01, 2.22±0.01, and 2.70±0.05, respectively. The sex ratio of male to female was 1:0.76±0.05. The fecundity of gravid females was 544.85±63.89 eggs/female. The adult longevity was 9.04±0.78 and 10.54±0.99 days in males and females, respectively. The total life span was recorded as 47.20±2.57 and 48.70±2.79 days in males and females, respectively
Conclusion: The Helicoverpa armigera adults completed their life cycle in 43 to 56 days. The adult longevity was higher in females than males. The males were smaller than the females. The sex ratio was male-biased. The various biological parameters would be useful in the planning of integrated management strategy under field conditions.
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A study was conducted to determine the effect of artificial diets on some of the important biological parameter of Helicoverpa armigera under laboratory condition at 25±1°C, 75±5% R.H. and 14 hr photoperiod. Four locally available pulses viz., chickpea, green gram, pea and black gram were used as treatments and compared with that of the natural diet as control i.e. chickpea leaves. Sixty larvae in each treatment were fed and studied. Results revealed that larval duration was found to be the minimum in larvae reared on chickpea based diet and longer on pea, green gram and black gram respectively and maximum on chickpea leaves. Overall, the fitness index was found highest on chickpea followed by pea, green gram, black gram, black gram and chickpea leaves. The study proved that chickpea based diet was the best for mass rearing of Helicoverpa armigera while pea based diet could also be used as substitute.
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Because of the recent presence of Helicoverpa armigera in Brazil and Paraguay in 2013, pheromone traps were deployed in chickpea crops at 2 localities in Tucumán province to determine if this noctuid was present in Argentina. This pest was detected at both locations, confirming the presence of H. armigera in Argentina for first time.
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Aqueous extract of individual and mixed form of Azadirachta indica A. Juss seeds kernel and leaves of Milletia ferruginea, Hochst and Croton macrostachyus Hochst was tested against African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. Antifeedant activity of selected plant extract was tested at 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% concentration against 4th instar larvae of H. armigera in the laboratory and 5% concentration was tested under field condition. All the tested plant extract showed 100% protection at 5% and 10% concentration. Among the various botanical treatment Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) and NSKE+BLE (Birbira Leaves Extract) was effective at 2.5% concentration with minimum pod damage. In the field observation among the botanicals, reduction of larval population in the treatment of NSKE, BLE and NSKE+BLE was statistically not significant (p>0.05; LSD). The lowest percentage pod damage (0.45%) was observed in Diazinon 60% EC treated plot followed by NSKE treated plot (3.90%) after second spray. The highest mean yield was obtained from NSKE treated plot (781 g) followed by Diazinon 60% EC treated plot (719.33 g), NSKE+BLE (656.67 g) and BLE treated plot (653.33 g). Five days after second treatment there was a significant difference in the mean number of ants between NSKE+BLE, control and other treatments. The highest mean number of spiders was observed in control plot (3.6) and lowest (0.3) was in plot treated with Diazinon 60% EC. The reduction of lady bird beetle population among the botanicals treated plots was statistically not significant (p>0.05; LSD). The mean number of wasp population was the highest in control plot (3.3) and there was no wasp observed in Diazinon 60% EC treated plot. In conclusion, even though Diazinon 60% EC was found to be effective by considering the interaction of beneficial in the field botanical preparations are much better particularly NSKE and also suitable to spray under rain fed condition to protect the crop by small farming communities.
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