Epidemiology and molecular characterization of rotavirus A in bats and rhesus macaques at human-wildlife interfaces in Bangladesh
Ariful IslamMohammad Enayet HossainMelinda K. RostalJinnat FerdousMojnu MiahSanjoy Kumar MukharjeeNajmul HaiderMohammad R. HasanMd. Mahfuzur RahmanPeter DaszakMohammed Ziaur RahmanJevgenia Epštein
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Background: Rotavirus-A (RVA) is the primary cause of acute dehydrating diarrhea in humans and numerous animal species. Due to the segmented nature of the RVA genome, animal RVA strains have the potential to adapt in human hosts through reassortment with other co-infecting human viruses. The study aimed to apply a non-invasive approach using fecal samples to detect and characterize RVA circulating in bats and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at human-wildlife interfaces in Bangladesh. Methods & Materials: We collected fresh fecal samples non-invasively from 416 bats (201 Pteropus medius, 165 Rousettus leschenaultii and 50 Taphozous melanopogon) and 454 rhesus macaques during 2011–2014. The samples were tested by a one-step real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Positive samples were further characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis of two structural protein gene fragments VP4 (P genotype), and VP7 (G genotype). Results: Overall, RVA prevalence was 3.8% (n = 16; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2–6.2) in bat and 4.0% (n = 20; 95% CI: 2.7–6.7) in macaque. Species-specific prevalence of RVA was 6.5% (13/416; 95% CI: 3.5–10.8) in P. medius and 1.8% (3/416; 95% CI: 0.4–5.2) in R. leschenaultii bat. No RVA was detected in the insectivorous bat (T. melanopogon). G1 and G8 genotypes were detected in bat, both of which are similar to that of human strains. On the other hand, G3, G10, P[3] and P[15] genotypes were identified in macaques and were associated as G3P[3], G3P[15] and G10P[15]. The phylogenetic relationship between macaque RVA strains from this study and previously reported human strains indicates possible transmission between humans and macaques in Bangladesh. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection and characterization of rotaviruses in bats and rhesus macaques in Bangladesh. The detection of RVAs highly related to human strains suggested human to animal transmission, which underscores the importance of including wildlife species in surveillance for zoonotic pathogens to better understand pathogen transmission and evolution. These data will not only aid in identifying viral sharing between humans and animals but will also improve the development of mitigation measures for the prevention of future rotavirus outbreaks.Keywords:
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The prospect that rotavirus diarrhea in children may soon be prevented by vaccines has placed a new priority on understanding the diversity of rotavirus strains and the mechanism by which these strains evolve over time. We have characterized a total of 465 rotavirus strains collected in North India from 2000 to 2007 for G and P types by reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing. The novel G12 rotavirus strains recently detected in other countries were first detected in India in 2001 and have emerged as the predominant strains in Delhi, India, during 2005 to 2007. While the VP7 sequence was highly homologous among G12 strains isolated in Delhi, suggesting recent emergence from a common ancestor, the strains had a diverse constellation of other gene segments, demonstrating substantial reassortment. For the entire period, the common rotavirus G types G1 (26%), G2 (25%), and G9 (14%) comprised 65% of the strains, and common P types, P[4] (19%), P[6] (22%), and P[8] (35%), comprised 76% of the total P types. Of note, we detected a high percentage of unusual (17%) strains and fecal specimens with mixed (12% G and 15% P) rotavirus infections having a variety of genomic constellations. For the first time, we identified two novel rotavirus strains with unusual G/P combinations, G2P[11] and G3P[11], in patients with diarrhea. The study highlights the great diversity among rotaviruses isolated from Indian children, the opportunity for genetic reassortment between strains, and the emergence of a novel G12 strain in our country. Due to the demonstrated effect of antigenic diversity on rotavirus vaccines, it will be important to continue careful monitoring of these strains as rotavirus vaccine programs are implemented in India.
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Rotavirus molecular surveillance remains important in the postvaccine era to monitor the changes in transmission patterns, identify vaccine-induced antigenic changes and discover potentially pathogenic vaccine-related strains. The Canadian province of Alberta introduced rotavirus vaccination into its provincial vaccination schedule in June 2015. To evaluate the impact of this program on stool rotavirus positivity rate, strain diversity, and seasonal trends, we analyzed a prospective cohort of children with acute gastroenteritis recruited between December 2014 and August 2018. We identified dynamic changes in rotavirus positivity and genotype trends during pre- and post-rotavirus vaccine introduction periods. Genotypes G9P[8], G1P[8], G2P[4], and G12P[8] predominated consecutively each season with overall lower rotavirus incidence rates in 2016 and 2017. The demographic and clinical features of rotavirus gastroenteritis were comparable among wild-type rotaviruses; however, children with G12P[8] infections were older (p < 0.001). Continued efforts to monitor changes in the molecular epidemiology of rotavirus using whole genome sequence characterization are needed to further understand the impact of the selection pressure of vaccination on rotavirus evolution.
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