APPLICATION OF MAJOR ION CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE PREDICTION OF STABLE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION IN SURFACE WATER
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The δ2H and δ18O values in water bodies are essential to the management of water resources because of the ability to insight into hydrological processes. In this study, we have measured and analyzed the major ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl–, SO24– and HCO–3 ) and stable H-O isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) for fifteen surface water samples collected from the Xinbian River in Suzhou, northern Anhui Province, China. The results show that all of the water samples are classified to be Na-HCO3 type, and the mean values of δ2H and δ18O are –42.93‰ and –5.36‰, respectively. Gibbs diagram and the relationship between δ2H and δ18O indicate that both water chemistry and stable isotopes in river water are mainly controlled by evaporation. Correlation analysis reveals that a significant correlation between major ions and δ18O. Predictors (K+, SO24– and HCO–3 ) have been selected by optimal subset regression analysis were used to model the δ18O values in the river water. Moreover, the residuals of the model were normally distributed and values between –0.2‰ to 0.2‰ for most water samples, suggesting a strong relationship between the observed and predicted δ18O values.Keywords:
δ18O
Isotope Analysis
Isotopic ranges used to distinguish plant groups and types of animal protein vary according to local ecology and isotope mixing systems, as well as anthropogenic influences. This chapter reviews sources of isotopic variation in foods and proposes a conceptual model for how isotopic analysis of local foods can isotopic baselines and improve our understanding of the diets and foodways of past people. Previously published data from central and southern Gulf Coast Florida (3100 BC–AD 1550) and Atlantic coastal North Carolina (AD 800–1650) are used as case studies to illustrate the interpretive benefits of incorporating stable isotope analysis of local foods into dietary reconstruction.
Isotope Analysis
Foodways
δ15N
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Stable isotope analysis has been used by archaeologists and anthropologists to better understand time, provenience, and diet of past humans, but the utility of stable isotope analysis in modern humans has not been fully explored. Forensic anthropologists today primarily identify human skeletal remains, and stable isotope analysis of bone may narrow down the possible identities of an individual. Determining the natural variability within the state of Louisiana is the first step in determining whether individuals from different areas of the state are distinguishable from one another. This thesis investigated the natural isotopic variability in Louisiana with respect to oxygen (δ18O), carbon (δ13C), and strontium (ε87Sr) by sampling the bones of white tailed deer throughout the state, as well as two raccoons and one fox. The deer revealed distinct value regions for all three isotopes, which were found to be in agreement with available water data for the state. The two raccoons, fox, and deer in comparison against each other revealed measurable differences between natural and urban fauna of the same region, between omnivores and herbivores of the same environment, and between natural and urban omnivores. These differences provide evidence that modern humans should exhibit values different than the natural environment due to a grocery store diet and allow for the extension of the project to investigate the variability among Louisiana cities. It was also determined that Cascade dish detergent does not inhibit stable isotope analysis of δ18O and δ13C, but more work must be done to understand the interaction of Cascade and ε87Sr.
Isotope Analysis
Omnivore
δ15N
δ18O
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δ18O
Carbon fibers
Isotope Analysis
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Stable isotopes have been used in many research areas as natural labels and are becoming an important tool in aquatic ecological research.The theoretical basis and application of stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecology as well as its principle and method are reviewed in this paper.An organism's stable isotope ratios(δ()~(15)N and δ()~(13)C etc.) are an integration of the isotopic signatures of prey items that have been assimilated through time,the organism will come into isotopic equilibrium with its diet with the time to equilibrium depending on growth and tissue turnover rates.Stable nitrogen isotope ratios increase with trophic level by approximately 3‰ to 4‰;this provides a powerful analytical tool to quantify relative trophic position.In contrast,stable carbon isotope ratio changes very little with trophic level(0 to 1‰ enrichment per trophic level).Instead,stable carbon isotope values of organisms reflect the average δ()~(13)C of their diets.When an organism moves to a different habitat,its stable isotope ratios will change.From the stable ratios of the different habitats and the organism,we can judge the migration routine of the organism.Stable isotopes are often used to quantify the contributions of multiple sources to an organism.In general,the proportional contributions of n+1 different sources can be uniquely determined by the use of n isotope groups with linear mixing models based on mass balance equations.When there are n isotope groups and n+1 sources,all possible combinations of each sources contribution can be obtained by a computer program(IsoSource),but the proportional contributions aren't unique.The above two cases presume that the proportional contribution of a source to an organism is the same for all isotope elements,while not all cases are so.An isotope element concentration-weighted linear mixing model was developed,whose quantified results are more reasonable,but only determined the proportional contributions of n+1 sources with n isotope groups.Prey sources,trophic level and prey proportional contributions etc.are basic information needed to construct aquatic ecosystem food web patterns and functions and material and energy flows,which are fundamental to understand the dynamic of ecosystems and effects of environment to the ecosystems.The prospect of such studies in China and some existing problems are also discussed
Isotope Analysis
Isotopes of nitrogen
δ15N
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The study of stable isotopes in tree rings,including δ13C,δ18O and δD,as a potential tool for studying dendrochronology,has rapidly developed and widely applied in the past 30 years.To extract α-cellulose from wood is a necessary pretreatment for palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment studies by using tree-ring stable isotopes.However,it is time-consuming and labor-intensive.With the purpose of drawing forth more attention to the experimental flow for obtaining isotopic samples in tree rings and eliminating differences resulted from divergent experimental processes,the extraction procedures of cellulose and cellulose nitrate both at home and abroad in the recent years are summarized in this paper.The extraction method used in our research group is also provided.Their feasibility is also discussed.It is expected that more attentions will be paid to the influences of samples pretreatment on the stable isotopic values and to eliminate them in the studies of palaeoclimate,palaeoenvironment and ecology.
Isotope Analysis
δ18O
δ15N
Tree (set theory)
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The stable isotope change in the Yamzho Lake Basin is discussed based on the observed results of stable isotope of precipitation,river and lake water in 2004 and on the stable isotope fractionation model in a closed lake.This study shows that the present-5.9‰ of Yamzho Lake δ18O is related to the eventual steady lake δ18O after evaporation enrichment under the relative humidity of around 54%~58%.It is also found that the input δ18O to the closed lake has also affected the eventual δ18O after evaporation enrichment.However,the impact of the lake water temperature has little effect on the steady lake δ18O.The lake itself has a strong adjustment to the input δ18O change.For the large change of input δ18O,the Yamzho Lake δ18O can reach another steady state in less than 50 years.
δ18O
Water cycle
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Stable isotopic composition of fossil ostracode is used as an ideal proxy for paleo-lake sedimentary environments.Over the last three decades,measurements of the δ13C and δ18O values of ostracode shells have been extensively used in lake palaeoenvironmental reconstruction.Many methods for sample preparation have been applied in stable isotope measurements of ostracode shells from lake sediments.However,for stable isotope measurements of biocarbonate samples,different methods will probably affect the resolution,reproducibility and inter-laboratory comparison of the measurement results.In this paper,previous methods of sample preparation for biocarbonate isotopic measurements are compared,with their effects on δ13C and δ18O analyses evaluated.The results suggest that different methods will not result in remarkable differences in δ13C and δ18O measurements of lake ostracode shells.Therefore,sample cleaning procedure is considered unnecessary for such analyses.
δ18O
Isotopic ratio
Isotope Analysis
Proxy (statistics)
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Salt water
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The δ2H and δ18O values in water bodies are essential to the management of water resources because of the ability to insight into hydrological processes. In this study, we have measured and analyzed the major ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl–, SO24– and HCO–3 ) and stable H-O isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) for fifteen surface water samples collected from the Xinbian River in Suzhou, northern Anhui Province, China. The results show that all of the water samples are classified to be Na-HCO3 type, and the mean values of δ2H and δ18O are –42.93‰ and –5.36‰, respectively. Gibbs diagram and the relationship between δ2H and δ18O indicate that both water chemistry and stable isotopes in river water are mainly controlled by evaporation. Correlation analysis reveals that a significant correlation between major ions and δ18O. Predictors (K+, SO24– and HCO–3 ) have been selected by optimal subset regression analysis were used to model the δ18O values in the river water. Moreover, the residuals of the model were normally distributed and values between –0.2‰ to 0.2‰ for most water samples, suggesting a strong relationship between the observed and predicted δ18O values.
δ18O
Isotope Analysis
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To investigate the food web structure of Liusha Bay,the δ13C and δ15N values of various organisms collected in Liusha Bay were measured via stable isotope technique.Based on the calculated δ15N value,the correlation between stable isotope ratio and trophic level were established to predict the trophic levels of shrimps,crabs,cephalopods and fishes.By comparing the analysis results of stomach contents of 24 organisms,two methods gave a similar consistence in approximately 71% of organisms within a 0.5 trophic level.It is concluded that stable isotope technique could be an effective method for studying ocean food web trophic level.更多还原
δ15N
Isotope Analysis
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