Green tea dietary supplementation in broiler chickens: Effect on the development of chicken intestine
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Abstract This experiment explored the dietary effects of green tea ( Camellia sinensis ) in feed supplementation on the development of broiler chicks. Totally, two hundred and seventy‐day‐old male broiler chicks were assigned to 27 broiler groups each with 10 individuals (initial mean body weight 44.2 ± 1.3 g) in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. Each chicken group was supplemented with the feed additives of green tea powder. The trial data were measured and obtained based on the records of carcass traits and intestine characteristics of broiler chicken fed with four different additive levels of green tea (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%). The experiment lasted for two trial periods of 21 days and 42 days for each treatment of the green tea supplement with full records of broiler traits. There were interesting results recorded in the majority of broiler intestinal traits between the two trial periods. There are a few significant differences ( p < .05) observed among multiple comparisons of some intestinal traits in broiler chicks such as colon diameter ( p = .022) and jejunum width ( p = .01). The most significant differences exist in these intestinal traits of chicken right and left cecum among broiler chicks fed with dietary green tea powder ( p < .05). The other intestinal characteristics of broiler chicks were recorded from single treatment are insignificantly distinguished compared with the control groups. There are also some near significant differences of chicken intestinal carcass traits and characteristics. These results and experimental data of this study extend the current knowledge on the dietary effects of green tea in chicken raising and feeding with dietary supplementation.Keywords:
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Abstract The mucosal surface area of the guinea pig duodenum, jejunum, and ileum was determined during development, in three age groups: 1‐day‐old and 2‐ and 12‐week‐old animals. The morphometric analysis was performed at three magnification levels. The nominal surface area was determined at the macroscopic level, from intestinal length and perimeter. Villus and microvillus amplification factors were estimated at light‐microscopic and transmission electron‐microscopic levels, respectively. We found: (1) an increase in the nominal surface area that is maximal in the ileum (7.7‐fold); (2) an increase in the villus amplification factor in the duodenum (1.4‐fold) and a decline in the jejunum and ileum (0.8‐fold), although in the jejunum villus dimensions rise; and (3) a similar increase in the microvillus amplification factor in the three segments (1.1‐ to 1.4‐fold). In conclusion, the total mucosal surface area increased from day 1 to week 12, by 3‐fold in the duodenum and jejunum and by 8‐fold in the ileum. Regionally, the jejunum shows the largest mucosal surface area, followed by the ileum, and, finally, the duodenum. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:206–214, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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During the postnatal development of mice, intestinal β-galactosidase activity (0.001 M o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactoside as substrate) is always higher at pH 3.5 than at pH 5.5. In the jejunum a steady decrease of activity during postnatal development is evident, whereas in the ileum the activity increases temporarily and later decreases. The changes in rabbits are more complicated. At pH 5.5 there is a steady decrease of β-galactosidase activity in the ileum and jejunum, but at pH 3.5 there is a steady decrease in activity in jejunum only; in ileum, first an increase is observed and then a decrease. In guinea pigs the activity in newborn animals is relatively very low, and only a small decrease during postnatal development is found. During postnatal development, the activity decreases less at pH 3.5 than at pH 5.5. In contrast to mice and rabbits, guinea pigs showed no substantial differences between jejunum and ileum in all the age groups studied.The results are discussed from the point of view of significance of differences between the jejunum and the ileum, and the existence of several types of β-galactosidase activity.
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The expressions of CCL28 in the gastrointestinal tract of 15-day-old and 30-day-old piglets were determined by using RT-PCR method.The results showed that CCL28 mRNA was expressed in duodenum,ileum,cecum,colon,rectum of 15-day-old piglet and in duodenum,jejunum,ileum,cecum,colon,rectum and stomach tissues of 30-day-old piglet;no expression in duodenum,jejunum and stomach tissues,a little in ileum,colon tissues of 15-day-old piglet and in duodenum,jejunum,cecum,stomach tissues of 30-day-old piglet.The time-space expression of CCL28 showed that it was related to the gastrointestinal mucosal immune system development in the piglets and roles in different tissues.
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The addition of ginger and milk powder rejected in the feed can improve the work of organs in digestion. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of adding ginger and milk powder rejected in the ration at different levels on the internal organ profile of broiler chickens. The method used in this study was a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern with 3 treatments (factor A) and 4 treatments (factor B) using 2 replications for each replication or the experimental unit containing 2 chickens. The variables measured in this study were liver weight percentage, small intestine segment weight percentage (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and small intestine segment length percentage (duodenum, jejunum and ileum). The results showed that there was an interaction between the addition of ginger and milk powder rejected on the percentage of jejunum and ileum weight, as well as the percentage of jejunum and ileum length. The single factor addition of ginger gave a significant effect on the percentage of liver weight, the percentage of jejunum and ileum weight, and the percentage of jejunum length. the single factor giving rejected milk powder had a significant effect on the percentage of the weight of the duodenum and the percentage of the weight of the jejunum.
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The absorptive surface of epithelial cells from chicken small and large intestine was studied at the day of hatch (1 d group) and at 2 and 6 wk after hatch. The segments considered were duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum (proximal, medial, and distal regions), and rectum. The length, diameter, and density of microvilli as well as cell apical diameter were measured in tip-villous enterocytes by transmission electron microscopy. The results obtained showed that during development: 1) microvillus length remained constant in duodenum and jejunum and decreased in the other segments; 2) microvillus diameter increased only in the jejunum and the rectum; 3) microvillus density increased in duodenum, ileum, distal cecum, and rectum (especially from 1 d to 2 wk) and did not change in the other segments; 4) cell apical diameter did not change; 5) apical surface area increased both in the duodenum (2nd to 6th wk) and in the jejunum (1 d to 2 wk) but did not change in the ileum. In the proximal-medial cecum and in the rectum there was a decrease in apical surface, whereas no changes were observed in distal cecum. Results indicated that microvillus length and density are the variables that best explain the changes observed in apical surface that occurred during development.
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Decrease in serum total cholesterol was noted in albino rats fed with low protein diet. Decrease was also noted in the tissues like liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum in high protein diet, and jejunum and ileum in low protein diet. There was an increase of serum free cholesterol in low protein diet. All the tissues studied had less free cholesterol in high protein diet. Jejunum showed a decrease in low protein diet also. Serum total cholesterol increased in high fat diet. Free cholesterol increased in both the cases. Tissue total cholesterol was raised in low and high fat diets in liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Free cholesterol was raised in duodenum and ileum in both high and low fat diets while that of liver and jejunum was increased only in low fat group.
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Controversy remains regarding which residual segment, namely the jejunum or ileum, is more beneficial for intestinal adaptation in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). The aim of our study is to evaluate the residual intestinal adaptation after a massive small intestinal resection and thereby determine which of the two residual segments demonstrates a better intestinal adaptation.The SBS rats underwent about a 70% resection of either the jejunum or ileum, respectively. Sham rats underwent an ileal transection with a subsequent reanastomosis of the same portion. The body weight was measured every day after the operation. Two weeks after the operation, all rats were sacrificed. The intestinal length, the hematological and serum chemical data, and the histological findings of the residual intestine were investigated in all rats to evaluate the intestinal adaptation.The body weight gain in the rats with the residual ileum (ileum group) was similar to that of the Sham group and better than that of the rats with residual jejunum (jejunum group). The length of the residual intestines in the jejunum group was longer than that in both the sham and ileum groups. Regarding hematological and serum chemical studies, the jejunum group tended to demonstrate more anemia and malnutrition than both the sham and ileum groups. In a histological study, the villous height in both the jejunum and ileum groups was significantly larger than in the preoperative condition. In both groups, the degree of crypt depth only significantly increased in the ileum group in comparison to the preoperative condition. Regarding the thickness of the muscular layers, a no difference was observed among all groups.Based on our data, in patients with SBS, the use of the residual ileum was therefore found to be preferable to that of the residual jejunum regarding intestinal adaptation.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the difference of mRNA expression of cationic amino acid transporter rBAT(system b0,+),y+LAT2(system y+L),CAT1(system y+)and CAT4(system y+) in different intestinal segments of chicken by relative quantitative RT-PCR.Yellow covered chickens at age of 30 days were used and the different intestinal segments were collected.The result showed: rBAT and y+LAT2 mRNA abundance in colorectum were significant lower than that of duodenum,jejunum and ileum(P0.01).rBAT and y+LAT2 mRNA expression in ileum were higher than in duodenum and jejunum,but had no significant difference among them(P0.05);The expression of CAT1 mRNA in colorectum was very significantly higher than that of duodenum,jejunum and ileum(P0.01).Expression abundance in ileum was higher than in jejunum significantly(P0.01) and higher than duodenum by 27.9 %(P=0.111).Same as CAT1 mRNA,the expression of CAT4 mRNA in colorectum was higher than that of duodenum,jejunum and ileum significantly(P0.01);There was no difference among duodenum,jejunum and ileum(P0.05).The result indicates that the tissue-specific of transporter mRNA expression of cationic amino acid transporter system b0,+ and system y+LAT2 are similar and discriminated with that of system y+.
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Summary The intestinal morphology of 7‐week‐old pigs was investigated by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The piglets were fed either a semisynthetic or a cereal‐based diet. The shapes of the intestinal villi and crypts of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were examined. The villi were predominantly tongue‐shaped. In the duodenum they were also ridged, branched and folded, and in the jejunum they were also leaf‐like and ridged. At places with lymph follicles, the surface of the ileum was rugged with meandering fold‐like villi. The crypts of the three segments of the small intestine were mainly coiled and sometimes branched. A novel morphometric evaluation method was introduced using the enlargement factors of each villus and crypt surface. The enlargement factor for the villus surface of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was 3.13, 3.72 and 2.71, respectively. The factor for the crypt surface of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was 9.07, 8.94 and 6.53, respectively. Furthermore, the relative proliferation rate and the epithelial renewal index were calculated for the first time. The relative proliferation rate of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was 32.88, 34.78 and 50.77 proliferations per mm crypt perimeter, respectively. The diets consumed had an influence on the epithelial renewal index being higher for piglets fed the cereal‐based diets.
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