Lipid spectrum of blood when vegetable fats are introduced into the diet of calves
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Abstract The study of metabolic effects of lipophilic vegetable products: sunflower (I group, n=3), palm (II group, n=3) and linseed oil (III group, n=3) were carried out on calves at the age of 9 months (n=3) with a body weight of 215–220 kg. The introduction of sunflower and palm oil was expressed by the increase in high density lipoproteins H S -HDL and OHs. According to H S -HDL/H S -LDL accumulation ratio, the test fats were arranged in the groups as follows: II (1.82)>III (1.78)>I (1.74)>control (0.77) conv. units. The effect of vegetable fats on the blood serum of experimental animals according to OHs/Hs-HDL index was as follows: III (0.34)<I (0.36)<I (0.38)<control (0.46). Thus, the introduction of oils reduces LDL and the atherogenic index in blood serum with a significant increase in HDL. This can serve the basis for the use of vegetable oils as promising natural hepatoprotectors in feeding animals, and at the stage of growing it will help to monitor the level of lipids in the body of calves and to calculate them in diet formulation.Keywords:
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Vegetable oil
Sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus) are an uncommon source of allergy; however, some cases of allergy to sunflower seeds have been reported. Sunflower seed sensitization occurs to storage proteins (2S albumins) and lipid transfer proteins (LTPs). A 46-year-old female presented three allergic reactions within minutes of consuming sunflower seeds. A prick-to-prick test indicated a positive reaction only to sunflower seeds and a negative reaction to other nuts, such as almond, hazelnut, pistachio, cashew, peanut, macadamia, sesame, and walnut. Prick-to-prick and oral provocation tests of sunflower oil were performed, and a negative result was obtained. The patient was prescribed a 0.3 mg epinephrine autoinjector device for emergency intramuscular administration. The patient is currently under avoidance of sunflower seed but eats food cooked in sunflower seed oil. Based on this case, we should recognize that sunflower seeds have the potential to cause severe anaphylaxis, which indicates tolerance to sunflower oil. An accurate and fast diagnosis allows timely recommendation to practice strict avoidance of sunflower seeds, thus reducing the possibility of recurrence of an anaphylactic reaction.
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The article considers the possibility of obtaining a protein-rich feed additive from by-products of sunflower oil production. From literary sources it is known that in the global food market, Ukraine ranks first in cultivating the sunflower and in production and export of sunflower oil. Correspondingly, there are more by-products, such as press cakes and oil meal, which are high-protein feeds for farm animals. Recently, oil press factories have been producing high fat press cakes for farm animals and poultry’s energy needs. The shelf-life of high fat press cakes is very short, and besides, their physical properties are poor. So, it has been suggested to produce a protein-rich feed additive based on sunflower oil meal, sunflower press cake and limestone flour. The quality parameters of sunflower seeds and by-products of their processing have been determined. Five samples of the additive with different ratios of sunflower oil meal, sunflower press cakes, and limestone flour have been studied. The coefficient of variation characterizing the even distribution of the components in the additive has been determined. Besides the distribution of limestone flour in the additive, the distribution of sunflower press cake matter has been investigated, because it contains a lot of fat and has poor physical properties. The determination of the coefficients of variation by the distribution of limestone flour and by the distribution of sunflower press cake matter has shown that the mixing is the most effective when the recipe includes 75% of sunflower oil meal, 10 % of sunflower press cake, and 15% of limestone flour. A protein-rich feed additive based on by-products of the sunflower oil production has been developed. The additive can be used to feed animals and poultry.
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The objective of this research was to evaluate the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) balance of the following lipid sources: soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, and fish oil. Two hundred eighty 24-wk-old laying hens of the Hysex White were used. The experimental diets consisted of a basal diet (reference group), basal diet + 10% soybean oil addition (group 1), basal diet + 10% sunflower oil addition (group 2), basal diet + 10% linseed oil addition (group 3), and basal diet + 10% fish oil addition (group 4), distributed in a completely randomized design with seven replicates and eight birds per experimental unit. The metabolic assay was performed by the total excreta collection method. The AMEn values found in the natural material were 9 334 kcal kg −1 for soybean oil, 10 533 kcal kg −1 for sunflower oil, 10 928 kcal kg −1 for linseed oil, and 9 005 kcal kg −1 for fish oil. The AMEn were different among the lipid sources. Sunflower oil and linseed oil had higher AMEn compared with soybean oil and fish oil (P < 0.05). The AMEn of the lipid sources of plant origin had higher values than the gross energy. The fatty acid profile of each lipid source was presented in this work. Thus, it is important to have individual nutritional information for each type of oil for laying hens, making it possible to formulate more appropriate and accurate feed.
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The effects of selenium and fatty acid supplementation on fatty acid composition and antioxidant status of erythrocyte membrane in lambs were investigated.Thirty two lambs with average body weight of 26±1 kg were divided into 4 groups and each was fed basal diet+5% linseed oil (LO), or LO+2 mg Se/ kg DM (as sodium selenite) (LOSe), or basal diet+5% sunflower oil (SO), or SO+2 mg Se/kg DM (SOSe).Selenium supplementation increased the concentration of C18:2t-10,c-12, and also the concentration of C20:5n-3 of erythrocyte membrane of the lambs fed the sunflower oil diet.Lambs fed the linseed oil diet had higher concentrations of C18:2t-10,c-12, C18:3n-3, and C20:5n-3 in erythrocyte membrane.Erythrocyte membrane of the lambs fed sunflower oil diet had higher concentrations of C18:1t-11, C18:2n-6, C18:2c-9,t-11 and C22:6n-3.Antioxidant status increased with selenium supplementation, and lambs fed sunflower oil diet had higher total antioxidative capability.
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Fatty acid desaturase
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Abstract The objective was to characterize the fatty acid (FA) composition of lamb meat with emphasis on biohydrogenation intermediates (BI) induced by dietary sunflower and linseed oil and to test if a synergistic effect on meat trans ‐11 18:1 and cis‐ 9, trans‐ 11 18:2 concentrations could be obtained with a blend of both oils. Thirty two lambs were assigned to four groups and fed for 6 weeks one of the following diets: pelleted dehydrated lucerne (Control); and Control supplemented with 7.4% of sunflower oil (SF), linseed oil (LS) or a blend of sunflower and linseed oils (2 : 1 vol/vol) (SFLS). Longissimus thoracis muscles were analyzed for FA. LS increased n ‐3 PUFA due to contribution of 18:3 n ‐3 but not of very long n ‐3 PUFA. Total conjugated linoleic acids were similar in oil‐supplemented lambs, but the cis‐ 9, trans‐ 11 18:2 was higher with SF than with LS. No synergistic effects on trans ‐11 18:1 or cis‐ 9, trans‐ 11 18:2 were observed when both oils were fed together. Oil supplementation increased the concentrations of most BI in meat. However, the BI patterns were different for LS and SF. Some FA were only found in lambs fed linseed oil, including the unusual cis ‐12, cis ‐15 18:2 which is proposed as a new intermediate of the 18:3 n ‐3 biohydrogenation pathway.
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Sunflower seed is mostly processed into oil and meal. However, more than 80% of sunflower's value comes from oil, as the level of sunflower price and production are determined by the level of demand and the price of sunflower oil. Even despite the high cost of sunflower oil, demand for this crop is still increasing worldwide. In the last few years, sunflower production was unstable in Serbia. It was caused by unfavourable climate condition for few years and varying areas planted with this crop. According to average yields in sunflower production, Serbia is the seventh in the world. This paper considers the economic aspects of sunflower production, using the method of enterprise budget on three sampled farms of different sizes. Taking into account increasing bio-diesel production, increasing food demands and consumers' nutritional preferences, the production of sunflower could be an important opportunity for agricultural producers in Serbia.
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Three multiparous Chinese Holstein Lactating Cows with permanent rumen cannula were used in a 3×3 Latin square design to study the effects of adding different kinds of vegetable oils(sunflower oil,linseed oil and colza oil,with the nearly same fat content in the diets)on fatty acid composition in ruminal fluid,blood plasma and milk fat of lactating cows.The results showed that milk CLA proportion in the Sunflower oil Group and linseed oil Group were significantly higher than that of colza oil Group(P0.05),and milk CLA proportion was the highest in Sunflower oil Group.Milk PUFA proportion in linseed oil Group was significantly higher than that of the colza oil Group(P0.05),while proportions of C14∶0,C16∶0 and C18∶0 in plasma were not significantly different among 3 groups(P0.05).But C18∶1 proportion in colza oil Group was significantly higher than that in the linseed oil Group and Sunflower oil Group(P0.05),while no significant difference were found between the latter two groups(P0.05).The proportion of t11-C18∶1 of colza oil Group was significantly different from those of the linseed oil Group and Sunflower oil Group(P0.05).And the proportion of C18∶2 in the linseed oil Group was significantly different from that in the colza oil Group(P0.05).There was insignificant differences among the average changes for all kinds of fatty acids in ruminal fluid after intaking the diets supplied different vegetable oils(P0.05),but the total trend of the proportion of the saturated fatty acids were gradually increased,and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids were gradually decreased,the proportion of CLA in ruminal fluid was always low in different times.Sunflower oil was the best in improving the milk CLA and the composition of fatty acid in lactating cows in our experiment.
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Summary Eight trained horses (6 mares – 2 geldings, 6 Selle Français, 2 Trotteur Français, 12 ± 5.8 years old, 538 ± 72.5 kg) were offered three diets to potentially affect haematology and the fatty acids ( FA ) profiles in red blood cells ( RBC ) membranes. The control diet was composed of 50% hay and 50% concentrate containing mainly rolled barley (48%) and whole spelt (48%). In the case of sunflower oil diet, sunflower oil (62.0% of α ‐linoleic acid, LA ) was incorporated at a rate of 8% and substituted by an equal proportion of barley. In the linseed oil diet, first cold‐pressed linseed oil (56.0% of α ‐linolenic acid, ALA ) was utilised at a similar incorporation rate of 8%. The experimental design consisted of three 3 × 3 latin squares with one being incomplete. Each period lasted 8 weeks. On average, the total feed intake (straw excluded) was 6.2 kg/day and the oil intake 0.278 kg/day. The oils significantly increased the concentrations of RBC , haemoglobin and haematocrit. The oils had no significant impact on the haematology profiles except that platelets tended to decrease in both oil‐based diets. The most abundant FA in the RBC membranes of the control diet samples were in the decreasing order LA , C18:1n9‐7, C18:0, C16:0 and the arachidonic acid ( ARA ) respectively. The sunflower oil supplementation slightly increased the amount of LA (36.23 vs. 34.72 mg/dl, p = 0.55) and C22:4n‐6 (0.21 vs. 0.09 mg/dl, p = 0.22), while the decrease was observed in case of other FA (C16:1n‐7, 1.08 vs. 1.42 mg/dl, p = 0.03), C20:3n‐6 (0.22 vs. 0.31 mg/dl, p = 0.02), and ARA (1.17 vs. 1.63 mg/dl, p = 0.08). Linseed oil induced similar effects in the n‐6 series FA profiles. In the context of practical applications, our results show that linseed oil incorporation in the diet could improve the haematology and the n‐3 FA profiles potentially leading to an increased performance.
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This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acid composition of zebrafish fed diets containing linseed oil compared to sunflower oil. First, diets supplemented with linseed and sunflower were formulated, fish were fed for 40 days, and their parts collected for analysis. Diet composition analysis, extraction and derivatization of fatty acids, gas chromatography analysis, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR, and statistical analyses were performed. Linseed oil exhibited an omega-3 rich lipid profile. 18:3n-3 content incorporated into the muscle tissue of fish fed linseed oil was 50% higher than that fed sunflower oil. This higher amount of 18:3n-3 favored the production of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids by synthetic pathways in the organism since these fatty acids were not initially found in the oil composition. Furthermore, in all analyzed parts of zebrafish that were fed linseed oil, concentration of 20:4n-6 were lower, while 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were higher compared to the same parts fed with sunflower oil. PCR expression assay showed no significant difference, indicating that linseed oil diet was not harmful. Thus, this work evidenced that synthesis of essential fatty acids, primarily omega-3 fatty acids, was greater in zebrafish upon consumption of diets supplemented with linseed oil.
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