Effect of lipid supplements on ruminal biohydrogenation intermediates and muscle fatty acids in lambs
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Abstract The objective was to characterize the fatty acid (FA) composition of lamb meat with emphasis on biohydrogenation intermediates (BI) induced by dietary sunflower and linseed oil and to test if a synergistic effect on meat trans ‐11 18:1 and cis‐ 9, trans‐ 11 18:2 concentrations could be obtained with a blend of both oils. Thirty two lambs were assigned to four groups and fed for 6 weeks one of the following diets: pelleted dehydrated lucerne (Control); and Control supplemented with 7.4% of sunflower oil (SF), linseed oil (LS) or a blend of sunflower and linseed oils (2 : 1 vol/vol) (SFLS). Longissimus thoracis muscles were analyzed for FA. LS increased n ‐3 PUFA due to contribution of 18:3 n ‐3 but not of very long n ‐3 PUFA. Total conjugated linoleic acids were similar in oil‐supplemented lambs, but the cis‐ 9, trans‐ 11 18:2 was higher with SF than with LS. No synergistic effects on trans ‐11 18:1 or cis‐ 9, trans‐ 11 18:2 were observed when both oils were fed together. Oil supplementation increased the concentrations of most BI in meat. However, the BI patterns were different for LS and SF. Some FA were only found in lambs fed linseed oil, including the unusual cis ‐12, cis ‐15 18:2 which is proposed as a new intermediate of the 18:3 n ‐3 biohydrogenation pathway.Keywords:
Sunflower oil
The article considers the possibility of obtaining a protein-rich feed additive from by-products of sunflower oil production. From literary sources it is known that in the global food market, Ukraine ranks first in cultivating the sunflower and in production and export of sunflower oil. Correspondingly, there are more by-products, such as press cakes and oil meal, which are high-protein feeds for farm animals. Recently, oil press factories have been producing high fat press cakes for farm animals and poultry’s energy needs. The shelf-life of high fat press cakes is very short, and besides, their physical properties are poor. So, it has been suggested to produce a protein-rich feed additive based on sunflower oil meal, sunflower press cake and limestone flour. The quality parameters of sunflower seeds and by-products of their processing have been determined. Five samples of the additive with different ratios of sunflower oil meal, sunflower press cakes, and limestone flour have been studied. The coefficient of variation characterizing the even distribution of the components in the additive has been determined. Besides the distribution of limestone flour in the additive, the distribution of sunflower press cake matter has been investigated, because it contains a lot of fat and has poor physical properties. The determination of the coefficients of variation by the distribution of limestone flour and by the distribution of sunflower press cake matter has shown that the mixing is the most effective when the recipe includes 75% of sunflower oil meal, 10 % of sunflower press cake, and 15% of limestone flour. A protein-rich feed additive based on by-products of the sunflower oil production has been developed. The additive can be used to feed animals and poultry.
Sunflower oil
Sunflower seed
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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate nutritional strategies that will increase the concentration of the conjugated linoleic acid in milk to produce functional milk with regard to health benefits in dairy cow. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers are naturel fatty acids in foods obtained from ruminants.The main substrates for biohydrogenation are linoleic acid and linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid. It has been identified 54 different conjugated linoleic acid isomers that have beneficial biological activity. cis -9, trans -11 18:2 and trans -10, cis -12 18: are most bioactive isomers of CLA. In milk fat, the cis -9, trans -11 conjugated linoleic acid is found in major amounts more than trans -10, cis -12 conjugated linoleic acid. Conjugated linoleic acid is first produced as an intermediate product during the biohydrogention in the rumen of dietary linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Another major pathway of conjugated linoleic acid synthesis in dairy cows is endogenous synthesis in the mammary gland. Dietary cis -9, trans -11 conjugated linoleic acid is of great interest due to its health benefits known to a cancer chemopreventive and antiatherogenic. Therefore, many researchers have looked for ways of increasing the amount of conjugated linoleic acid in cow milk. For this pupurpose, researchers have adopted two approaches. The first approach is to make dietary changes to increased the natural conjugated linoleic acid production of cow. The second approach is to feed with mixtures of conjugated linoleic acid isomers protected against microbial biological hydrogenation in the rumen. As a result, as consumers continue to be aware of the relationship between diet and health, increased conjugated linoleic acid level of milk may provide new market opportunities for milk and milk products as functional food.
Linolenic acid
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Abstract To assess the oxidative metabolism of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, rats were force‐fed 1.5–2.6 MBq of [1‐ 14 C]‐linoleic acid (9 c ,12 c ‐18∶2),‐rumenic acid (9 c ,11 t ‐18∶2), or‐10 trans , 12 cis ‐18∶2 (10 t , 12 c ‐18∶2), and 14 CO 2 production was monitored for 24 h. The animals were then necropsied and the radioactivity determined in different tissues. Both CLA isomers were oxidized significantly more than linoleic acid. Moreover, less radioactivity was recovered in most tissues after CLA intake than after linoleic acid intake. The substantial oxidation of CLA isomers must be considered when assessing the putative health benefits of CLA supplements.
Lipidology
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Background and purpose: Due to the beneficial physiological effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), there has been a growing tendency to produce it as a functional lipid in recent years. Different CLA isomers have different physiological effects; hence, production of certain CLA isomers with high purity is of great importance. CLA can be produced through both chemical and enzymatic methods; however, unlike chemical catalysts, enzymes make it possible to produce pure CLA isomers. In this study, linoleic acid isomerase from Propionibacterium acnes was expressed in E. coli and the possibility of the production of CLA was studied. Materials and methods: The vector containing linoleic acid isomerase, pGEX-6P-PAI, was transformed in E. coli . Transformants were selected based on their resistance to ampicillin and restriction digestion analysis. To express the recombinant linoleic acid isomerase, transformants were induced using isopropyl-beta-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The expression of recombinant protein was confirmed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting using anti-linoleic acid isomerase antibody. Then, the possibility of the production of CLA from Linoleic acid by using E-coli transformant was investigated. Results: Recombinant linoleic acid isomerase was intracellularly produced as a glutathione Stransferase (GST) tagged protein by transformed E-coli. The fusion of GST to the N-terminus of linoleic acid isomerase increased its molecular weight from 49 to 75 kDa. GST-tagged enzyme acted like linoleic acid isomerase and the transformed bacterium could convert considerable amounts of linoleic acid to CLA. Conclusion: The findings indicated that transformed E. coli can be used for CLA production in biocatalytic processes.
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The repartioning effect of CLA was evaluated using 108 pigs (54 gilts and 54 barrows) fed from 61.5 to 106 kg liveweight. Pigs were fed a cereal-based basal diet containing either 2% CLA or 2% sunflower oil (a rich source of α-linoleic acid). Irrespective of gender, pigs fed CLA tended to have reduced feed intakes (−5.2%, P = 0.07), improved feed conversion efficiences (−5.9%, P = 0.06) and similar rates of gain relative to sunflower oil fed pigs. In addition, pigs fed CLA deposited less subcutaneous fat (−6.8%, P = 0.01) and gained more lean (+2.3%, P = 0.03) than pigs fed sunflower oil. These data suggest CLA can be used as a repartioning agent in pigs and that further research to optimize the repartitioning effect is warranted. Key words: Pig, pork, swine, conjugated linoleic acid, CLA, repartioning
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Subcutaneous fat
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Two strains that can transform linoleic acid to conjugated linoleic acid were screened from soil.The morphology,growth curves and the optimum conditions for CLA production in MRS medium were studied in this paper.Though the two strains were different significantly in morphology,the optimum conditions for CLA production of them were similar: concentration of linoleic acid was 0.51%(v/v),and incubation time was 36～48 h.
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Conjugated linoleic acid is a collective term used to designate a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid in which the double bonds are conjugated. Unlike linoleic acid, there is a paucity of information regarding the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on plasma lipoproteins and aortic atherosclerosis. Therefore, fifty hamsters were divided into five groups of ten and fed 0 (Control), 0.06 (LOW), 0.11 (MEDIUM), and 1.1 (HIGH) en% conjugated linoleic acid or 1.1 en% linoleic acid. Blood samples were taken at 4, 8 and 11 weeks for plasma lipid analyses and for plasma tocopherol assay at sacrifice. Animals fed the conjugated linoleic acid-containing diets collectively had significantly reduced levels of plasma total cholesterol, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol, (combined very low and low density lipoprotein) and triglycerides with no effect on high density lipoprotein cholesterol, as compared to CONTROLs. Linoleic acid-fed animals relative to CONTROLs also had reduced plasma total cholesterol, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, but only the latter was statistically significant. Compared to the CONTROL group, plasma tocopherol/total cholesterol ratios determined from plasma pools for the LOW, MEDIUM and HIGH conjugated linoleic acid and linoleic acid groups were increased by 48%, 48%, 86% and 29%, respectively, suggesting a tocopherol-sparing effect, at least for the conjugated linoleic acid treatment. Morphometric analysis of aortas revealed less early atherosclerosis in the conjugated linoleic acid and linoleic acid-fed hamsters compared to the CONTROL group.
Low-density lipoprotein
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Abstract After screening 14 genera of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum AKU 1009a was selected as a potential strain for CLA production from linoleic acid. Washed cells of L. plantarum with high levels of CLA production were obtained by cultivation in a nutrient medium with 0.06% (wt/vol) linoleic acid ( cis ‐9, cis ‐12‐octadecadienoic acid). Under the optimal reaction conditions with the free form of linoleic acid as the substrate, washed cells of L. plantarum produced 40 mg CLA/mL reaction mixture (33% molar yield) from 12% (wt/vol) linoleic acid in 108 h. The resulting CLA was a mixture of two CLA isomers, cis ‐9, trans ‐11 (or trans ‐9, cis ‐11)‐octadecadienoic acid (CLA1, 38% of total CLA) and trans ‐9, trans ‐11‐octadecadienoic acid (CLA2, 62% of total CLA), and accounted for 50% of the total FA obtained. A higher yield (80% molar yield to linoleic acid) was attained with 2.6% (wt/vol) linoleic acid as the substrate in 96 h, resulting in CLA production of 20 mg/mL reaction mixture [consisting of CLA1 (2%) and CLA2 (98%)] and accounting for 80% of total FA obtained. Most of the CLA produced was associated with the cells ( ca . 380 mg CLA/g dry cells), mainly as FFA.
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