Enterovirus D68 infection among hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory illness in El Salvador and Panama, 2012‐2013
Holly M. BiggsW. Allan NixJing ZhangShannon RogersAlexey ClaraJorge JaraRosalba GonzálezKathia LucianiYarisa Sujey BrizuelaDora EstripeautJuan Miguel CastilloTirza De LeónMary CorroOfelina VergaraRafael RaudaEvens G. ChongJohn T. WatsonEduardo Azziz‐BaumgartnerSusan I. GerberSuxiang TongFatimah S. Dawood
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Abstract We assessed EV‐D68 epidemiology and phylogenetics among children aged ≤9 years hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illnesses at five sites in Panama and El Salvador during 2012‐2013. Respiratory specimens positive for enterovirus or rhinovirus were tested by real‐time RT‐PCR for EV‐D68, and partial VP1 gene sequences were determined. Of 715 enrolled children, 17 from sites in both countries were EV‐D68‐positive and commonly had a history of asthma or wheezing. Phylogenetically, 15 of 16 sequences fell into Clade B1, and one into Clade A2. The Central American EV‐D68s were closely related genetically to contemporaneous strains from North America, South America, and the Caribbean.Keywords:
Rhinovirus
Panama
Respiratory illness
Respiratory infection
Abstract The persistence of rhinovirus and enterovirus RNAs was studied in the nasal secretions of children with acute expiratory wheezing (median age: 1.7 years). On admission, 84 samples from 161 (52%) children admitted to hospital were positive by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), which detects rhino‐ and enteroviruses simultaneously. Of the samples, 26 (16%) were positive for rhinovirus, 29 (18%) enterovirus and 29 (18%) nontypable rhino‐enterovirus. After 2 weeks, 16 of these 84 (19%) samples were still positive. Rhinovirus RNA remained positive in 13 of 26 (50%) cases, whereas enterovirus RNA remained positive only in 1 of 29 (3%) cases ( P = 0.0001). Respiratory symptoms at 2 weeks or systemic glucocorticoid treatment during hospital stay were not related to the persistence of viral RNA. After 5 weeks, only one sample remained PCR‐positive. Thirteen of the 79 (16%) asymptomatic control children were PCR‐positive for respiratory picornavirus. Five of the 13 (38%) PCR‐positive children developed respiratory symptoms in the following week. The study shows that after the onset of symptomatic respiratory infection enterovirus RNA may take 2–3 weeks and rhinovirus RNA 5–6 weeks to disappear from nasal mucus. J. Med. Virol. 72:695–699, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Picornavirus
Persistence (discontinuity)
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IN the past two years a new group of respiratory viruses, recently designated as rhinoviruses, has been associated with mild upper respiratory disease in adults.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Agents of this group were isolated from Marine Corps personnel under surveillance at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, from December, 1960, to January, 1962, and were shown to be associated with mild nonepidemic upper respiratory illness.10 From January, 1960, to March, 1962, epidemics of upper respiratory disease associated with adenovirus Type 4 and Coxsackie virus Group A, Type 21, occurred in the same population.11 12 13 During the time of this study, the characteristics of the population and . . .
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Abstract Background Rhinoviruses and Enteroviruses are closely related members of the family picornavirideae; however, they have distinct clinical manifestations. Rhinoviruses cause respiratory infections while Enteroviruses often present as nonspecific febrile illnesses. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is unusual in that although it is classified as an enterovirus it causes respiratory illness. Most of the currently used nucleic acid amplification assays for respiratory viruses do not distinguish between Rhino and Enteroviruses because of their shared homology. Rhino/Enterovirus infections are common in the Summer and Fall. In October of 2018 the NYS DOH issued a health advisory describing increased numbers of EV-D68 infection. Although there is no specific treatment for EV-D68, the advisory recommended contact precautions in addition to the droplet precautions recommended for other respiratory viruses. This recommendation creates logistical difficulties since there are no commercial test-kits that can identify EV-D68. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of EV-D68 among patients admitted to Stony Brook Hospital that tested positive for Rhino/Enterovirus. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs were tested with the BioFire® FilmArray® Respiratory Panel (RP 2) test. 44 Rhino/Enterovirus positive specimens were sent for further identification to the NYS DOH Virology Lab. Enterovirus was differentiated from Rhinovirus by qRT–PCR. EV-D68 was identified by sequencing. Results During one week in October, 10 patients were admitted with positive EV-D68 (5 adults and 5 children). In contrast, all 21 admitted patients who had specimens sent for typing had Rhinovirus. Conclusion This study confirmed that there was significant EV-D68 activity among patients who required hospitalization consistent with the NYS DOH advisory in the Fall of 2018. In contrast, in the Winter a drop in the prevalence of Rhino/enterovirus was observed. EV-D68 was not found in any of the samples sent for typing. These data informed our internal decision to cohort all patients this past Winter with positive Rhino/enterovirus results, positively impacting patient cohorting capabilities during a time with increased local influenza activity. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Common cold
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Here, we report the full coding sequence of rhinovirus C47 (RV-C47), obtained from a patient respiratory sample collected during an acute respiratory illness investigation in Butte County, California, in January 2017. This is the first whole-genome sequence of RV-C47 to be reported.
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Butte
Respiratory illness
Sequence (biology)
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Since August 2014, an increase in infections caused by enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) was reported in the USA and Canada, for the most part in children presenting with severe respiratory symptoms. To determine whether an increase in severe EV-D68 respiratory infections was observed in our region. Samples from patients with respiratory symptoms were screened for viral pathogens, including rhinovirus and enterovirus. Subsequently, samples positive for rhinovirus and enterovirus were routinely sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, an additional method was used to detect EV-D68 specifically. During the first three quarters of the year 2014, 1896 respiratory samples were analyzed; 39 (2%) of them tested positive for enterovirus. Eighteen samples tested positive for EV-D68, obtained from 16 different patients admitted to our hospital. Eleven were children below the age of 18, of whom five children needed intensive care treatment. The remaining five samples were from adults, who all had an underlying disease; three were transplant patients (heart, lung and renal transplantation), the other two had an underlying lung condition (COPD, asthma). Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship with the strains circulating currently in the USA, all belonging to the known EV-D68 genetic subtypes. We observed an increase of EV-D68 infections in our population, both in children as well as in adult. In 2014 there have been 16 cases so far, compared to none in 2011 and 2013 and a single case in 2012. Phylogenetic analysis identified two similar clusters as shown in the USA and Canada.
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Respiratory illness
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Background: In many developing countries, acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are the main cause of morbidity and mortality among young children. This study aims to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses among Malaysian children with confirmed respiratory infections between July 2014 and July 2015. Methods: A total of 394 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected prospectively from children age 0–5 years old with ARTIs from hospitals in Kuala Lumpur. Respiratory viral panel (RVP) assay was used to identify the viral aetiology of respiratory infections. Results: From a total of 394 samples, the positive detection rate was 79.9% (n=315). A total of 15 types of RNA viruses and a single type of DNA virus were detected. Enterovirus/rhinovirus (n=112, 28.4%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (n=85, 21.6%), adenovirus (n=64, 16.2%), human bocavirus (n=34, 8.6%), and human metapneumovirus (n=29, 7.4%) were the five predominant viruses. Enterovirus/rhinovirus and RSV constituted most of the viral respiratory infections among young children, especially among children less than 1 year old. No coronavirus was detected among children between 3 and 5 years old. Co-infection caused by 2 or 3 respiratory viruses were detected in 52 patients (13.2%). Enterovirus/rhinovirus, adenovirus, and human bocavirus demonstrated pronounced seasonality. The infection rate peaked during mid-year, while the lowest activity occurred during early of the year. Conclusions: The use of molecular assay as a routine diagnostic in the hospitals can improve the diagnosis and management of respiratory tract infections among children.
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Human bocavirus
Respiratory tract
Respiratory infection
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Enteroviruses in the etiology of acute respiratory viral infections in children, Novosibirsk, Russia
Aim. To assess the contribution of human enteroviruses to the overall structure of acute respiratory viral infections in children in Novosibirsk during the epidemic season 2022–2023. Material and Methods. 1132 samples collected from children aged 0–15 years with symptoms of ARVI were analyzed by real–time PCR for the presence of genetic material of respiratory viruses, including enteroviruses. Results. 65.2 % of the examined children were positive for at least one virus, including enteroviruses. Respiratory syncytial virus was most often found in children during this period, which accounted for 17.2 % of the total number of samples studied. Influenza virus was detected in 14.2 % of the examined children. Enteroviruses were detected in 9.2 % of cases and rhinovirus was detected in 10.8 % of the examined children. Conclusions. Respiratory enteroviruses, along with rhinovirus, occupy a significant place in the etiology of acute respiratory viral infections in children. The study of the epidemiology of enteroviruses is necessary to understand the clinical manifestations and outcomes of enterovirus infection, and to assess the burden of diseases caused by enteroviruses, which is important for optimizing prevention and therapy strategies.
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Etiology
Picornavirus
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Culture-confirmation of rhinovirus is done using acid lability testing, a laborious and time-consuming method which delays the reporting of patient results by 1-2 days. A fluorescent monoclonal antibody pool (Light Diagnostics Pan-Enterovirus Blend; Millipore Inc., Temecula, Calif., USA) developed to identify various enterovirus isolates in culture was recently reported to also cross-react with rhinoviruses. We evaluated the use of this cross-reacting antibody, used in tandem with non-cross-reacting enterovirus antibodies (D(3) IFA; Diagnostic Hybrids Inc., Athens, Ohio, USA) to rapidly identify rhinoviruses in cell culture.Microscope slides were prepared from cell cultures of 11 rhinovirus clinical isolates and a variety of other respiratory viruses. Slides were stained using both enterovirus antibody pools and examined for fluorescent activity.Positive fluorescence was observed in all the rhinovirus isolates tested using the pan-enterovirus antibody blend, but yielded negative results when stained using the D(3) antibodies. Both antibody products produced positive fluorescence for enterovirus isolates and produced negative results when a variety of other respiratory viruses were examined.Staining suspected rhinovirus isolates with each antibody pool affords a rapid means of identifying rhinoviruses and distinguishing them from enteroviruses, without the need for acid lability testing.
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Rhinoviruses often cause mild, self-limited illness (the “common cold”), but the frequency with which they cause more-severe illness is not known. Investigators from the New Vaccine Surveillance Network recently evaluated the prevalence of rhinovirus infection among children hospitalized for acute respiratory illness in two counties in Tennessee and New York and used these figures to calculate population-based …
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Common cold
Respiratory illness
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