Potassium isotherm partitioning based on modified quantity‐intensity relation and potassium buffering characterization of soils of North India
Shabir Ahmed BangrooNayar Afaq KirmaniM. Y. BhatJavaid Ahmad WaniAsif M. IqbalZ. A. DarSyed Sheraz MahdiAjaz Malik
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Abstract Background : Potassium (K) availability in soil and plant uptake is restrained by the dynamic interactions among the different pools of K. Aims : To understand these interactions, a study was undertaken to assess the quantity–intensity (Q/I) and buffering characteristics of rainfed maize ( Zea mays L.) growing soils. Ten contrasting soils were evaluated for K partitioning changes in exchangeable K (ΔEK) and non‐exchangeable K (ΔNEK) pools in the soil‐solution phase and buffering characteristics using a modified version of Q/I approach. Results : The partitioned Q/I isotherms showed strong adsorption with the increase in K concentration ratio (CR K ) and the changes due to ΔEK were higher than changes due to ΔNEK. Total buffering capacity (PBC K ) significantly correlated ( r = 0.92, p <0.01) with clay content with a major share contributed by buffering capacity owing to non‐exchangeable K () rather than exchangeable K (). The fixation capacity (β) factor, the magnitude of added K converted into a non‐exchangeable pool, ranged from 41 to 63%, whereas release (α) factor, the magnitude of added K converted to the exchangeable pool, ranged from 19 to 36%. Both threshold solution K (CK r ) and threshold exchangeable K (EK r ) values were found to be high in Satran clay loam (S2) and lower in Doon silty clay loam (S3) soils. The equilibrium exchangeable K (EK o ) was found close to minimum exchangeable K (E min ) in Doon silty clay loam (S3) and Babaweyl sandy clay loam (S1) soils and overall E min constituted about 8.94 to 0.57% of the EK o . Conclusion : It may be concluded that K Q/I isotherm partitioning provides a valuable insight to assess the dynamic relations. The ratio of α/β (K recharge index) could be used to evaluate the K enrichment capacity of soil to K additions while EK r and E min can be potentially useful in the elucidation of exchangeable K as K fertility index especially in soils with poor K fertilizer management.Five soil samples from Fingal, Tas., representing Frodsley sandy loam of varying exchangeable potassium status, were subjected to exhaustive cropping in pots and the changes in their potassium status and that of the crops measured. Three of the samples represented an area carrying improved pastures while two were from a less intensively managed property. The results were contrasted with those from two soils from South Australia (Urrbrae loam and Seddon gravelly sandy loam). The progressive removal of potassium by cropping was determined by analysis of each crop and of the soil at the end of the experiment. Uptake and removal of potassium was greatest from the soils of highest exchangeable potassium status. Potassium applied to the soils was also rapidly taken up by the crops. For the Tasmanian soils, applications of potassium gave no responses in yield until the level of exchangeable potassium in the control pots fell to 0.10-0.15 m-equiv./100 g. The higher the initial level of exchangeable potassium, the greater the number of crops before a yield response to applied potassium was obtained. In contrast, yields were maintained at a high level on Urrbrae loam and, even in the fourth crop, applications of potassium gave only a barely significant response. From Frodsley and Seddon soils only small amounts of potassium were taken up from non-exchangeable sources. From Urrbrae loam, in the absence of applied potassium, slightly more than half of the potassium taken up by the crops was derived from other than exchangeable sources. These differences were in keeping with the different amounts of potassium released to boiling nitric acid by these soils. After four crops exchangeable potassium was reduced to very low levels (0.05-0.14 m-equiv./100 g) in all five Tasmanian soils. These values were directly related to the amounts of difficultly exchangeable potassium in these soils. Exchangeable potassium in Urrbrae loam was not reduced below 0.33 m-equiv./100 g, again reflecting the higher reserve of difficultly exchangeable potassium in the illitic clay of this soil and its greater capacity to replenish the exchangeable potassium fraction. The percentage of potassium in the dry matter of the crop was closely related to the level of exchangeable potassium or exchangeable plus added potassium in the soil. Subterranean clover showing severe leaf necrosis due to potassium deficiency contained 0.55-0.63 per cent. potassium. Plants showing less severe deficiency symptoms or symptoms developing at a later stage showed 0.84-0.98 per cent. potassium. Plants with 1.20 per cent. potassium were free from symptoms and gave no further yield responses to applied potassium. Additions of potassium to the soil led to higher values in the plants, and luxury uptake was common. At least 84-95 per cent. of the applied potassium was taken up by the crops on four of the Tasmanian soils.
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Two methods of predicting evaporation from bare soils during the falling rate stage proposed by Gardner, and by Gardner and Hillel were tested under field conditions. The prediction through latter method was found more closer to the observed results on two soils, a sandy loam and a clay loam while the former one underestimated the evaporation from both the soils. The deviation from the actual values was however slightly higher for the sandy loam soil.
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Abstract The degradation of bis(tri[1‐ 14 C]butyltin) oxide in two soils (1 mg tin kg −1 ) has been studied under laboratory conditions. Half of the applied compound disappeared from unsterilised silt loam and sandy loam in approximately 15 and 20 weeks, respectively; it disappeared also from the sterilised soils but to a lesser extent. The formation of small amounts of dibutyltin derivatives was established by thin‐layer chromatography both in the unsterilised and sterile soils. The amount of unextractable radioactivity increased with time in the unsterilised and sterile soils. In the unsterilised soils 14 C was released as [ 14 C]carbon dioxide in amounts equivalent to 20% of the applied radioactivity for silt loam and 10.7% for sandy loam over a period of 42 weeks. Almost no [ 14 C]carbon dioxide was released from the sterile soils, confirming microbial participation in the degradation of the compound in the unsterilised soils.
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Abstract Total and hot‐water soluble B content of soils ranged from 45 to 124 and 0.38 to 4.67 ppm, respectively. The largest quantities of hot‐water soluble B were recorded in Acadia silty clay loam, Caribou silt loam, and Interval loam to silt loam soil series. Water‐soluble B was comparatively low in soils derived from Permo‐carboniferous rocks. In general the B content was lowest in coarse‐ and highest in fine‐textured soils. Percent of total B in the hot‐water soluble form varied from 0.44 to 4.69, with the highest percentage occurring in the fine‐textured soils and lowest in the coarse‐textured soils. Hot‐water soluble B content was higher in “well‐managed” soils than in “neglected” soils. The quantities of such B were positively correlated (significant at p = 0.01) with organic matter and with total B. Higher amounts of B were fixed by soils after incubation periods of 8 and 12 weeks than after 2 and 4 weeks. A higher percentage of B was fixed in the O'Leary sandy clay loam than in the Dunstaffnage sandy loam soil with all incubation periods. Varying the moisture content of soil from 50 to 100% of the field capacity did not affect the B fixed over a 12‐week period.
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