Exploring the common ground of landscape ecology and landscape archaeology through a case study from eastern Anatolia, Turkey
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Landscape epidemiology
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.This article considers the history of a particular Latvian cultural landscape, located on the coast of the Baltic Sea. Known as an aizjomi landscape, it consists of small, humanly made tilths on the seashore. These features are both physical elements and repositories of historical and cultural meaning. In one sense, through hard labor humans created the aizjomi landscape, adjusting the morphological and dynamic elements of the landscape and continually maintaining them. These human efforts made agriculture possible in the dunes, and in so doing they fashioned a means for producing a livelihood and, indeed, for sustaining life. The aizjomi landscape became a materialization of the people's day‐to‐day life in the middle and late nineteenth century and can thus be considered a “taskscape,” pulsating simultaneously with the rhythm of nature and historical events. I have analyzed empirical evidence from archival documents, reviewed ecological and historical studies, and conducted field research on specific farming practices that shaped the landscape that, in turn, shaped agricultural activities. Through a retrospective analysis I trace the development and decline of the aizjomi landscape.
Landscape history
Cultural landscape
Historical Ecology
Latvian
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Environmental History
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Conservation Lessons in “Natural” and “Cultural” Landscapes This chapter highlights the value of archaeological and palaeoecological studies to conservation by drawing upon research undertaken on two raised mires, Thorne and Hatfi eld Moors, both located in the Humberhead Levels of eastern England. The area today is typically viewed as a rather unattractive, backwater landscape, yet its archaeological (“cultural”) and palaeoecological (“natural”) record provides an amazing insight into a complex landscape of raised mires, fl oodplain wetlands, and heathlands that have all evolved and changed over spatial and temporal scales spanning thousands of years. The records emphasize the changing character of the landscape: it is never static, always evolving in ways that we sometimes fail to appreciate or anticipate. Today we are left with component parts of this ancient landscape fundamentally affected by human action; in that respect, it is a cultural product, yet at its core one that is still dominated by natural landscape features and systems. Culture and nature cannot easily be separated in this place, although much of the current policy has been towards total eradication of the former record with a view to rewilding the landscape through natural processes. It is my contention that it is impossible to rewild the landscape to what it once was, but that we should try to conserve what is left, while creating, or gardening, the landscape into something new that recognizes the legacy of both ecological and human change.
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The study of the landscape was once the main subject of study in geography. Now, it is a core topic in many disciplines, such as geography and ecology, soil science and land survey, landscape architecture and planning, psychology and philosophy, history and archaeology. This essay analyses how this evolution came about in Europe in general and focuses then upon the Belgian situation. Landscape is still seen as a dynamic synthesis between the natural and cultural environment of a region. At the same time it is the expression of the consecutive human attitudes towards the occupied and organised land. Landscapes have a unique history that is part of their identity. The meaning of the word landscape is multiple and so is the research related to the landscape. From local and regional monographs the study of landscape became transdisciplinary and landscape science emerged as an international network of researchers of very different training but sharing the same interest. All are trying to understand the complex interactions between structured landscapes elements and relational processes and their significance for human valuation and attempts to organise and maintain the land in a sustainable fashion.
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With a review in the history of gardening, this paper proposed that Landscape Studies is inherent to create a pleasant and ecological living environment for human being.It gave a deep insight into the distinctiveness of Landscape Studies, which could help the appropriative orientation of landscape architectural profession.With a comparative research in the Landscape Studies at home and abroad,it expounded the framework of Landscape Studies and indicated that the working field of Landscape Studies in China is almost the same as that in world wide,including Landscape Science,Landscape Architecture and Landscape Management.Landscape Studies.Landscape Studies is an integration of nature and art and ecology and recreation,help people to improve their living environment.
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Landscape epidemiology
Optimal distinctiveness theory
Cultural landscape
Natural landscape
Soft landscape materials
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Landscape history
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Naturalism
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Landscape epidemiology
Historical Ecology
Landscape history
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Landscape syntheses and holistic visions of the landscape The present study consist of three main parts. The first one present reconstruction the notion of “landscape syntheses”, which be found in literature since 1980 (Drdos et al, 1980) and later autor’s proposal in this matter (Pietrzak, 1998). The initial assumption of this concept was that all symptoms of landscape differentiation can be recognized as symptoms of its structure changeability, regardless of its genesis and the fact whether they concern their material or mental sphere. This allows for speaking of natural and social (anthropogenic) components of landscape structure. The natural components include: chorostructure (ie. spatial differentiation of landscape), ethostructure (landscape functioning) and chronostructure (ie. its changeability in time). Social aspects of landscape differentiation include: landscape representation (mapping), landscape usefulness and – as element joining both elements – landscape perception. In the autor’s opinion, the landscape syntheses concept seems to be also today the most appropriate approach to investigation of the landscape structure and - at once - the notion of “landscape structure” play the leading role in theory and methodology of landscape studies, independently of topical paradigmats. On the regional level landscape synthesis contain: - identification of landscape mosaicand its mapping, - identification of main information flows of matter and energy in the landscape, - multicriterion and multiaspects evaluation of the landscape, - modeling and optimisation of landscape scenario (planning of multifunctional landscapes), - landscape monitoring, - trend analysis of optimistic and pessimistic tendency of socio-economic development and its influence on the landscape. The second part of this study articulate concept of “holism” in landscape study (ia. Naveh, Libermann, 1994; Leser, 1997; Mailander, Kilchenman, 1998; Zonneveld, 1995) and press also philosophical charges against this approach (ia. Popper, 1965; Low, 1981; Kimmerle, 1973; Riedl, 1997; Lippmann (1991). In the third part the article present specificity of landscape ecology seen as basis of its holism (Pietrzak,2004). As regards the specificity of landscape ecology viewed as a domain of science, two stand points maybe distinguished: objective separatism and subjective separatism. The first one identifies the specificity of landscape ecology with the structure of the reality being the object of research (landscape ecology viewed as a domain of science studying landscapes), and in particular with the fact that it is treated holistically. Two types of objective separatism may be distinguished: the substantial one and the methodological one. In the case of the substantial type the specificityoflandscape ecology is determined by the scope of its interest, i.e. particular types of objects or their properties. They may be classified in a systemic way (material objects conceived of as real systems, e.g. landscape, geosystem, landscape ecosystem), or attributively (as particular properties of objects, e.g. spatial, interactive or perceptive ones). In the case of the methodological type the specificity of landscape ecology is determined by particular conceptions of research methods (ecological modelling, landscape-ecological approach, landscape-ecological complex analysis, landscape syntheses, etc.). The subjective separatism identifies the specificity of landscape ecology with the scope of research conducted by landscape ecology. The notion of “landscape ecology” encompasses all that is studied by landscape ecologists (Zonneveld, 1982). Evidently, this is a holism in the clear form. In this situation it seems, that “holism” is a form of illusion, but yet regardless of this opinion we must investigate landscape as multi, inter- and even transtransdisciplinary phenomenon.
Landscape history
Holism
Natural landscape
Identification
Landscape epidemiology
Vision
Hard landscape materials
Cultural landscape
Soft landscape materials
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Conservation Lessons in “Natural” and “Cultural” Landscapes This chapter highlights the value of archaeological and palaeoecological studies to conservation by drawing upon research undertaken on two raised mires, Thorne and Hatfi eld Moors, both located in the Humberhead Levels of eastern England. The area today is typically viewed as a rather unattractive, backwater landscape, yet its archaeological (“cultural”) and palaeoecological (“natural”) record provides an amazing insight into a complex landscape of raised mires, fl oodplain wetlands, and heathlands that have all evolved and changed over spatial and temporal scales spanning thousands of years. The records emphasize the changing character of the landscape: it is never static, always evolving in ways that we sometimes fail to appreciate or anticipate. Today we are left with component parts of this ancient landscape fundamentally affected by human action; in that respect, it is a cultural product, yet at its core one that is still dominated by natural landscape features and systems. Culture and nature cannot easily be separated in this place, although much of the current policy has been towards total eradication of the former record with a view to rewilding the landscape through natural processes. It is my contention that it is impossible to rewild the landscape to what it once was, but that we should try to conserve what is left, while creating, or gardening, the landscape into something new that recognizes the legacy of both ecological and human change.
Cultural landscape
Natural landscape
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Archaeological record
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This thesis seeks to explore how landscape dynamics and past landscape developments can contribute to current landscape planning. Through a literature review and a case study of the landscape’s historical development on the Bjare peninsula, approaches for investigating and understanding past landscape developments and landscape dynamics are presented. Contemporary landscape planning challenges, such as the European Landscape Convention and the Swedish environmental objectives, are reviewed to outline the context in which landscape planning is practiced today, as well as to discuss how an analysis of historical landscapes can be used in current landscape planning. In the case study, changes in land use, landscape functions and driving forces are investigated, and furthermore discussed with the terminology of time-geography and the landscape as a budget frame. Some of the conclusions are that knowledge about landscape dynamics and the landscape’s past can contribute to the search for landscape identity, and the understanding of the landscape’s dependence on history, as well as its significance for the future. Identifying driving forces of landscape change can furthermore facilitate the task of reaching the goals in the European Landscape Convention and the Swedish environmental objectives. The landscape as a budget frame approach can by revealing the power struggle linked to landscape development, be used to discuss priorities in landscape planning, as well as their consequences.
Landscape history
Landscape epidemiology
Cultural landscape
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