Bioremediation: Recent Advancements and Limitations
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The effect of concentration on the biodegradation of synthetic organic chemicals by natural microbial communities was investigated by adding individual 14 C-labeled organic compounds to stream water at various initial concentrations and measuring the formation of 14 CO 2 . The rate of degradation of p -chlorobenzoate and chloroacetate at initial concentrations of 47 pg/ml to 47 μg/ml fell markedly with lower initial concentrations, although half or more of the compound was converted to CO 2 in 8 days or less. On the other hand, little mineralization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate and 1-naphthyl- N -methylcarbamate, or the naphthol formed from the latter, occurred when these compounds were present at initial concentrations of 2 to 3 ng/ml or less, although 60% or more of the chemical initially present at higher concentrations was converted to CO 2 in 6 days. It is concluded that laboratory tests of biodegradation involving chemical concentrations greater than those in nature may not correctly assess the rate of biodegradation in natural ecosystems and that low substrate concentration may be important in limiting biodegradation in natural waters.
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Abstract Bioremediation has become a major method employed in restoration of oil‐polluted environments that makes use of natural microbial biodegradative activities. Bioremediation of petroleum pollutants overcomes the factors limiting rates of microbial hydrocarbon biodegradation. Often this involves using the enzymatic capabilities of the indigenous hydrocarbon‐degrading microbial populations and modifying environmental factors, particularly concentrations of molecular oxygen, fixed forms of nitrogen, and phosphate to achieve enhanced rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation. Biodegradation of oily sludges and bioremediation of oil‐contaminated sites has been achieved by oxygen addition—e.g., by tilling soils in landfarming and by adding hydrogen peroxide or pumping oxygen into oiled aquifers along with addition of nitrogen‐ and phosphorous‐containing fertilizers. The success of seeding oil spills with microbial preparations is ambiguous. Successful bioremediation of a major marine oil spill has been achieved based upon addition of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.
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Biodegradation of persistent organic pollutants in soils and bioremediation of the contaminated soils are internationally hot topics in the frontier field of environmental remediation science and technology. This review focused on PAHs degrading microorganisms,and microbial degradation mechanisms,and their application to bioremediation. In addition,prospects were discussed of exploitation and application of combined bioremediation engineering and technology for PAHs contaminated soils.
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川崎港の海水から集積培養法を用いて単離したPseudomonas sp.において, n-テトラデカンの微生物分解を改善するために, 窒素源, リン酸塩からなる栄養塩の濃度および種類を検討した。その結果, 冷暗所に保存した海水にNH4NO31000mg/l, K3PO4100mg/l, 酵母エキス10mg/lを加えた培地がn-テトラデカンを最もよく微生物分解した。NH4NO3/K3PO4比を10に維持したとき, 油の分解速度rm [mg-oil l-1h-1] と栄養塩濃度S [mg-NH4NO3l-1] との相関は, rm= (rm) max {S/ (Km+S)} によく一致した。この油の初期添加油量を153mg/lとしたとき (rm) max=4.9 [mg-oil l-1h-1] でありKm=94 [mg-NH4NO3l-1] であった。さらに, この改善された培地によってPseudomonas sp.の増殖速度が高められ, その結果乳化剤の生産が増加されるため油分解が速くなると推定された。
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Microbial degradation of PAHs is considered to be the major decomposition process for these contaminants in nature and is of great practical interest for implementation of bioremediation. The reviews on the foundation of bioremediation biodegradation:the isolation and purification of degraded bacteria, microbial community, degradation mechanism and methods were done. The prospects on this field are discussed.
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It has long been recognized that microorganisms have distinct and unique roles in the detoxification of polluted soil environments and, in recent years, this process has been termed bioremediation or bioreclamation. The role of microorganisms and their limitations for bioremediation must be better understood so they can be more efficiently utilized. Application of the principles of microbial ecology will improve methodology. The enhancement of microbial degradation as a means of bringing about the in situ clean-up of contaminated soils has spurred much research. The rhizosphere, in particular, is an area of increased microbial activity that may enhance transformation and degradation of pollutants. The most common methods to stimulate degradation rates include supplying inorganic nutrients and oxygen, but the addition of degradative microbial inocula or enzymes as well as the use of plants (phytoremediation) should also be considered.
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