Unprecedented formation of reverse micellar vesicles from psuedopeptidic bottlebrush polymers
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Self-assembly of psuedopeptidic polymers to vesicles is reported and the mechanism of this spherical assembly has also been delineated.The self-assembly process of amphiphilic dendritic copolymers (ADPs) with a hydrophilic core and a hydrophobic shell was investigated via laser light scattering. The self-assembly occurs via a fast step and a slow step with different relaxation times. At the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the fusion of small micelles results in the rapid increase of the micelle size in the fast step. The slow step is associated with equilibrium through the fission and fusion of the micelles. The micelle size increases with the unimer concentration, which leads to a lower micelle concentration. The lower micelle concentration makes the relaxation time of the fast step increase with increasing unimer concentration. However, the fusion of larger micelles at higher concentration is more efficient to increase micelle size. The fusion of small micelles with large micelles at higher concentration accelerates the approaching equilibrium of the micelles except for the fission and fusion of micelles. With the increasing degree of amidation (DA), the relaxation time in the fast step increases and in the slow step it decreases.
Aggregation number
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This chapter contains sections titled: Polymers Filled with Particulates Liquid Crystallinity and Rheology Polymers with Microphase Separation in Melts or Solutions Covalent Crosslinking of Polymers
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Nonionic surfactant
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This experiment is designed to study the properties of different reverse micelle,and determine Wo,viscosity and conductivity value of AOT/isooctane single reverse micelle system and AOT-Tween 85/isooctane-n-octyl alcohol mixed reverse micelle system.Results show that,on the same Wo conditions,the viscosity of AOT-Tween 85 mixed reverse micelle is greater than AOT single reverse micelle.The viscosity of AOT reverse micelle increased and then reduced with the increase of Wo,but AOT-Tween 85 reverse micelle increased.The conductivity value of two different reverse micelle system are increased and then decreased with the increase of Wo,and the Wo,max of AOT- Tween 85 conductivity value moved to a bigger Wo value as the mass ratio of the AOT increased.The experimental results show that,due to the increase of Wo,reverse micelle inter-atomic forces increase between molecules,thus the number of gathered reverse micelle increase,so viscosity increases,but the difference of two reverse micelle system is mainly due to water soluble ability.Conductivity can also react micelle change behavior,AOT-Tween 85 reverse micellepooldiameter is bigger AOT reverse micelle under the same conditions.
Thermodynamics of micellization
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Reverse Micelles Formation of Reverse Micelles Micelle Size and Structure Reverse Micelles Dynamics pH and Effect of the Ionic Strength in the Reverse Micelles Enzymes, in Reverse Micelles Enzymes Inside Reverse Micelles Biocatalysis in Reverse Micelles Lipases in Reverse Micelles Lipase Applications in Reverse Micelles Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Enzymes Using Reverse Micelles Concluding Remarks Bibliography
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By means of time-resolved static and dynamic light scattering, association processes of micelles are investigated for polystyrene-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane) in the mixed selective solvent, n-octane/methylcyclohexane, where the micelle can take either a hollow spherical structure or a hollow cylindrical structure, depending on the condition of micelle formation. The following are revealed: The cylindrical micelles are not thermodynamically stable ones but are temporally formed in the course of micelle formation. Micellization from the unimer state or micellar relaxation from one micelle state to another micelle state does not monotonically proceed to reach the destination but passes through the formation of cylindrical micelles having association numbers larger than those of both initial and equilibrium micelles. At lower temperatures and lower concentrations, the cylindrical micelles with larger size and longer time stability are easily formed. The formation of the large cylindrical micelles is the result of a rapid growth of micelles by elongating into the cylindrical shape, which may come from bilayer structure of the micelles.
Methylcyclohexane
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Polystyrene
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Polymers have become essential part of life. One can’t think of life without polymers, reason being their innumerable physical and engineering characteristics. Most prominent quality of polymers is their low cost and durability.However, seize to strength ratio of polymers is large as compared to metals. Heat capacity of polymers is also less. Structural strength of polymers is also poor which make them unsuitable for heavy structures. Above all polymer are non biodegradables they may persist in environment for centuries. Due to this disability many countries have imposed restrictions on their use. Low price, long life and readiness to adopt any shape has made polymers invulnerable. Non bio degradability of synthetic polymers shifted the quilt towards the invention of biopolymers. Scientists found the solution in biopolymers. They can be biosynthesized by living organisms or chemically synthesized from biological matter. The biopolymers are natural polymers formed by living organisms. Biopolymers are monomeric units which are bound covalently to form large molecules. Unlike polymers the biopolymers are biodegradable which decompose in bio-products with time after the expiry of intended purpose. Mainly there are three classes of biodegradable polymers namely polysaccharides, polypeptides and poly nucleotides Biopolymers mostly find applications in manufacturing, packaging, biomedical engineering and food industry. Difference between natural and synthetic polymers is discussed. Advantages of biopolymers over polymers are compared. Present study enlists brief overview of biopolymers. Keywords: Polymers, Biopolymers, Biodegradable Abbreviations: PVC, PVDF, Tg, DNA, RNA
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