Effects of nonyphenol exposure during pregnant and lactation period on expressions of CYP2E1 mRNA and protein of hepatic tissues in offspring rats.
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Glutathione reductase activity of both serum and liver tissue homogenates was measured in normal controls and in cases of hepatic parenchymatous diseases, and the results were compared with those from animal experiments in which hepatic damage was produced by CCl4 injection. Glutathione reductase showed a different attitude from those of transaminases and alkaline phosphatases under these clinical and experimental conditions. Glutathione reductase activity increased in both serum and liver in patients with hepatic damage, and this increase occurred earlier than the changes in alkaline phosphatase activity.
Glutathione reductase
Liver tissue
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Oil Red O
Liver function
Lipid droplet
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The influence of high intake of vitamin C in the young growing rats under administration of nickel sulphate in toxic doses has been studied. Ingestion of nickel sulphate depresses the growth rates of rats, alters the vitamin C status in different tissues, inhibits certain enzymes of vitamin C metabolism and changes the activities of alkaline phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase in the liver and kidney tissues. The acid phosphatase activity of liver, kidney and brain tissues of rats and glucose-6-phosphatase activity in liver, and serum GOT activity were stimulated, with reduction in the in the liver GOT activity. There is stimulation in the activities of rat brain inorganic pyrophosphatase and cholinesterase. Kidney tissues of rats were found to be more susceptible towards nickel toxicity as compared to the hepatic tissues in respect of morphological alterations. There is almost no alteration in the hepatic lipid composition. Administration of vitamin C in high doses to rats fed nickel salts in toxic doses can restore not only the growth rates but also certain enzyme activities to a significant extent.
Weanling
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Abstract Observed to be associated with impairment of liver function in aged rats were: increased lipid peroxides in the liver and serum, diminishing hepatic glutathione and decreases in mitochondrial respiratory activity and cytochrome content. Spontaneous failure of hepatic functions in aged animals was significantly ameliorated by the administration of cytochrome c. It is suggested that the underlying mechanism lies in the versatile ability of cytochrome c to reduce lipid peroxides, increase the hepatic glutathione content and activate mitochondrial function.
Liver function
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Toxicity of cypermethrin insecticide was evaluated in the liver of 16-day old chick embryo following administration of a single sub-lethal dose of cypermethrin into the eggs on day '0' of incubation. The biochemical analysis of the liver revealed that the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly increased. The activities of amylase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase remained unchanged. Besides that hepatic glucose, total protein, total lipids, cholesterol, urea, uric acid and RNA contents were found to decrease, while, glycogen and DNA contents were elevated. The hepatic soluble protein and free amino acids contents, however, remained unaltered. Cypermethrin-induced histopathological changes in liver included increased sinusoidal spaces in hepatic parenchyma, cytoplasmic vacuolations in hepatocytes, hepatocytic nuclear condensation, fatty degeneration, hydropic degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes.
Parenchyma
Gamma-glutamyltransferase
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The importance of folic acid and the methionine cycle in fetal development is well recognised even though the mechanism has not been established. Since the cycle is active in the maternal liver, poor folate status may modify hepatic metabolism. Pregnant rats were fed diets deficient in folic acid (-F) or in three key methyl donors, folic acid, choline and methionine (-FLMLC) and the maternal liver was analysed on day 21 of gestation. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of soluble proteins identified differentially abundant proteins, which could be allocated into nine functional groups. Five involved in metabolic processes, namely, folate/methionine cycle, tyrosine metabolism, protein metabolism, energy metabolism and lipid metabolism, and three in cellular processes, namely, endoplasmic reticulum function, bile production and antioxidant defence. The mRNA for sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (fatty acid synthesis) were decreased by both -F and -FLMLC diets. The mRNA for PPARalpha and PPARgamma and carnitine palmitoyl transferase (fatty acid oxidation) were increased in the animals fed the -FLMLC diets. Changes in the abundance of proteins associated with intracellular lipid transport suggest that folate deficiency interferes with lipid export. Reduced fatty acid synthesis appeared to prevent steatosis in animals fed the -F diet. Even with increased oxidation, TAG concentrations were approximately three-fold higher in animals fed the -FLMLC diet and were associated with an increase in the relative abundance of proteins associated with oxidative stress. Fetal development may be indirectly affected by these changes in hepatic lipid metabolism.
Fatty acid synthesis
Methionine synthase
Fatty Acid Metabolism
Choline
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CYP2A6
CYP3A
Monosodium glutamate
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Malondialdehyde
Glutathione reductase
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Transaminase
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Blood urea nitrogen
Creatine kinase
Hyaline
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